Experimentation in the specification of an oral dialogue
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Recent advances in speech understanding and dialog systems
Listening typewriter simulation studies
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
How to get people to say and type what computers can understand
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Procedure for quantitatively comparing the syntactic coverage of English grammars
HLT '91 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
The ATIS spoken language systems pilot corpus
HLT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Robust processing of real-world natural-language texts
Text-based intelligent systems
An object-oriented approach to dialogue management in spoken language systems
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Comparing Interpersonal Interactions with a Virtual Human to Those with a Real Human
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
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Basic research is critically needed to guide the development of a new generation of multimodal and multilingual NL systems. This paper summarizes the goals, capabilities, computing environment, and performance characteristics of a new semi-automatic simulation technique. This technique has been designed to support a wide spectrum of empirical studies on highly interactive speech, writing, and multi-modal systems incorporating pen and voice. Initial studies using this technique have provided information on people's language, performance, and preferential use of these communication modalities, either alone or in multimodal combination. One aim of this research has been to explore how the selection of input modality and presentation format can be used to reduce difficult sources of linguistic variability in people's speech and writing, such that more robust system processing results. The development of interface techniques for channeling users' language will be important to the ability of complex NL systems to function successfully in actual field use, as well as to the overall commercialization of this technology. Future extensions of the present simulation research also are discussed.