Simulating humans: computer graphics animation and control
Simulating humans: computer graphics animation and control
Gandalf: an embodied humanoid capable of real-time multimodal dialogue with people
AGENTS '97 Proceedings of the first international conference on Autonomous agents
The impact of eye gaze on communication using humanoid avatars
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Virtual humans for validating maintenance procedures
Communications of the ACM - How the virtual inspires the real
An experiment on public speaking anxiety in response to three different types of virtual audience
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Augmented Reality for Real and Virtual Humans
CGI '00 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Graphics
Haptic and Visual Size Judgements in Virtual and Real Environments
WHC '05 Proceedings of the First Joint Eurohaptics Conference and Symposium on Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems
A simulation-based research strategy for designing complex NL systems
HLT '93 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
Immersiveness and Symmetry in Copresent Scenarios
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
Experiences in Using Immersive Virtual Characters to Educate Medical Communication Skills
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
Can a virtual cat persuade you?: the role of gender and realism in speaker persuasiveness
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interpersonal Scenarios: Virtual \approx Real?
VR '06 Proceedings of the IEEE conference on Virtual Reality
Evolving an immersive medical communication skills trainer
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: IEEE VR 2005
Equilibrium Theory Revisited: Mutual Gaze and Personal Space in Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Small-Group Behavior in a Virtual and Real Environment: A Comparative Study
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Using Presence Questionnaires in Reality
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Audio Analysis of Human/Virtual-Human Interaction
IVA '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Automated Generation of Emotive Virtual Humans
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Exact eye contact with virtual humans
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE international conference on Human-computer interaction
A virtual reality version of the trier social stress test: A pilot study
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A crowdsourcing method to develop virtual human conversational agents
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Let's keep in touch online: a Facebook aware virtual human interface
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
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This paper provides key insights into the construction and evaluation of interpersonal simulators—systems that enable interpersonal interaction with virtual humans. Using an interpersonal simulator, two studies were conducted that compare interactions with a virtual human to interactions with a similar real human. The specific interpersonal scenario employed was that of a medical interview. Medical students interacted with either a virtual human simulating appendicitis or a real human pretending to have the same symptoms. In Study I (n = 24), medical students elicited the same information from the virtual and real human, indicating that the content of the virtual and real interactions were similar. However, participants appeared less engaged and insincere with the virtual human. These behavioral differences likely stemmed from the virtual human's limited expressive behavior. Study II (n = 58) explored participant behavior using new measures. Nonverbal behavior appeared to communicate lower interest and a poorer attitude toward the virtual human. Some subjective measures of participant behavior yielded contradictory results, highlighting the need for objective, physically-based measures in future studies.