Robust digital image watermarking using DWT, DFT and quality based average
MULTIMEDIA '01 Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Attack modelling: towards a second generation watermarking benchmark
Signal Processing - Special section on information theoretic aspects of digital watermarking
A Robust Digital Image Watermarking Scheme Using the Wavelet-Based Fusion
ICIP '97 Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP '97) 3-Volume Set-Volume 1 - Volume 1
A Robust Digital Image Watermarking Scheme Using the Wavelet-Based Fusion
ICIP '97 Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP '97) 3-Volume Set-Volume 1 - Volume 1
Analysis of a Wavelet-based Watermarking Algorithm
CONIELECOMP '04 Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Computers
Factors that Affect the Performance of the DCT-Block Based Image Watermarking Algorithms
ITCC '04 Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'04) Volume 2 - Volume 2
Visibility of wavelet quantization noise
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Improved wavelet-based watermarking through pixel-wise masking
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Geometric invariant domain for image watermarking
IWDW'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Digital Watermarking
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The essential performance metrics of a robust watermark include robustness, imperceptibility, watermark capacity and security. In addition, computational cost is important for practicality. Wavelet-based image watermarking methods exploit the frequency information and spatial information of the transformed data in multiple resolutions to gain robustness. Although the Human Visual System (HVS) model offers imperceptibility in wavelet-based watermarking, it suffers high computational cost. In this paper, we examine embedding strength determined by a HVS model, a constant, and a simplified technique. The proposed simplified embedding technique significantly reduces embedding time while preserving the performance of imperceptibility and robustness. The fast embedding technique exploits implicit features of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) sub-bands, i.e. the luminosity information in the low pass band, and the edge information in the high pass bands. It achieves embedding speed comparable to a constant energy embedding process. Robustness is demonstrated with a few conventional attacks, e.g. JPEG compression, Gaussian noise insertion, image cropping, contrast adjustment, median filtering, and global geometrical distortion. Experimental visual quality is measured in Weighted-Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (W-PSNR) for high accuracy. Robustness and imperceptibility of HVS-based embedding could be trade-off with computational simplicity of a fast embedding technique.