A survey of thresholding techniques
Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing
Optimal thresholding—a new approach
Pattern Recognition Letters
An analysis of histogram-based thresholding algorithms
CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing
A fast scheme for optimal thresholding using genetic algorithms
Signal Processing
Hybrid methods using genetic algorithms for global optimization
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
A hybrid approach to modeling metabolic systems using a geneticalgorithm and simplex method
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Thresholding using two-dimensional histogram and fuzzy entropy principle
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A new criterion for automatic multilevel thresholding
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A multi-level thresholding approach using a hybrid optimal estimation algorithm
Pattern Recognition Letters
Image histogram thresholding based on multiobjective optimization
Signal Processing
Non-supervised image segmentation based on multiobjective optimization
Pattern Recognition Letters
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Optimal multi-level thresholding using a two-stage Otsu optimization approach
Pattern Recognition Letters
A pattern recognition and adaptive approach to quality control
WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control
An Efficient Algorithm for Optimal Multilevel Thresholding of Irregularly Sampled Histograms
SSPR & SPR '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Fractional differentiation and non-Pareto multiobjective optimization for image thresholding
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Selective regenerated particle swarm optimization for multimodal function
ACS'08 Proceedings of the 8th conference on Applied computer scince
Image Thresholding Using TRIBES, a Parameter-Free Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Learning and Intelligent Optimization
A particle swarm with selective particle regeneration for multimodal functions
WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications
A fast estimation method for the generalized Gaussian mixture distribution on complex images
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A thresholding method based on two-dimensional fractional differentiation
Image and Vision Computing
Nonconvex maximization for communication systems based on particle swarm optimization
Computer Communications
Multilevel minimum cross entropy threshold selection based on the honey bee mating optimization
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
EA'07 Proceedings of the Evolution artificielle, 8th international conference on Artificial evolution
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Application of a hybrid ant colony optimization for the multilevel thresholding in image processing
ICONIP'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part II
Multilevel minimum cross entropy threshold selection based on the firefly algorithm
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Color image segmentation using gaussian mixtures and particle swarm optimization
IDEAL'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning
A review of thresholding strategies applied to human chromosome segmentation
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Multi-level image thresholding by synergetic differential evolution
Applied Soft Computing
A novel image thresholding method based on membrane computing and fuzzy entropy
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology - Computational intelligence models for image processing and information reasoning
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The Otsu's method has been proven as an efficient method in image segmentation for bi-level thresholding. However, this method is computationally intensive when extended to multi-level thresholding. In this paper, we present a hybrid optimization scheme for multiple thresholding by the criteria of (1) Otsu's minimum within-group variance and (2) Gaussian function fitting. Four example images are used to test and illustrate the three different methods: the Otsu's method; the NM-PSO-Otsu method, which is the Otsu's method with Nelder-Mead simplex search and particle swarm optimization; the NM-PSO-curve method, which is Gaussian curve fitting by Nelder-Mead simplex search and particle swarm optimization. The experimental results show that the NM-PSO-Otsu could expedite the Otsu's method efficiently to a great extent in the case of multi-level thresholding, and that the NM-PSO-curve method could provide better effectiveness than the Otsu's method in the context of visualization, object size and image contrast.