Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Classifier fitness based on accuracy
Evolutionary Computation
Toward a theory of generalization and learning in XCS
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Empirical analysis of generalization and learning in XCS with gradient descent
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
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We present an experimental comparison of the reinforcement process between Learning Classifier System (LCS) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) with function approximation (FA) method, regarding their generalization mechanisms. To validate our previous theoretical analysis that derived equivalence of reinforcement process between LCS and RL, we introduce a simple test environment named Gridworld, which can be applied to both LCS and RL with three different classes of generalization: (1) tabular representation; (2) state aggregation; and (3) linear approximation. From the simulation experiments comparing LCS with its GA-inactivated and corresponding RL method, all the cases regarding the class of generalization showed identical results with the criteria of performance and temporal difference (TD) error, thereby verifying the equivalence predicted from the theory.