Learning classifier systems: a complete introduction, review, and roadmap
Journal of Artificial Evolution and Applications
Extracted global structure makes local building block processing effective in XCS
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Kernel-based, ellipsoidal conditions in the real-valued XCS classifier system
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Learning classifier system equivalent with reinforcement learning with function approximation
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual workshop on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Counter example for Q-bucket-brigade under prediction problem
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual workshop on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A Study of Structural and Parametric Learning in XCS
Evolutionary Computation
Studying XCS/BOA learning in Boolean functions: structure encoding and random Boolean functions
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Fast rule matching for learning classifier systems via vector instructions
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A Bayesian approach to learning classifier systems in uncertain environments
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A probabilistic classifier system and its application in data mining
Evolutionary Computation
Evolving classifiers on field programmable gate arrays: migrating XCS to FPGAs
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal - Special issue: Nature-inspired applications and systems
Automated global structure extraction for effective local building block processing in XCS
Evolutionary Computation
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
An approach to analyze the evolution of symbolic conditions in learning classifier systems
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Modeling selection pressure in XCS for proportionate and tournament selection
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
New approach for extracting knowledge from the XCS learning classifier system
International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
An analysis of matching in learning classifier systems
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Context-dependent predictions and cognitive arm control with XCSF
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Self-adaptive mutation in XCSF
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Learning Classifier Systems: Looking Back and Glimpsing Ahead
Learning Classifier Systems
A Principled Foundation for LCS
Learning Classifier Systems
A Learning Classifier System Approach to Relational Reinforcement Learning
Learning Classifier Systems
Towards Adapting XCS for Imbalance Problems
PRICAI '08 Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Trends in Artificial Intelligence
Intrusion detection with evolutionary learning classifier systems
Natural Computing: an international journal
Learning Mazes with Aliasing States: An LCS Algorithm with Associative Perception
Adaptive Behavior - Animals, Animats, Software Agents, Robots, Adaptive Systems
Proceedings of the 11th Annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Performance evaluation of evolutionary algorithms in classification of biomedical datasets
Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference Companion on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference: Late Breaking Papers
Anticipatory Learning Classifier Systems and Factored Reinforcement Learning
Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems
Performance and efficiency of memetic pittsburgh learning classifier systems
Evolutionary Computation
Learning classifier systems: a complete introduction, review, and roadmap
Journal of Artificial Evolution and Applications
Fuzzy-UCS: a Michigan-style learning fuzzy-classifier system for supervised learning
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Feedback of Delayed Rewards in XCS for Environments with Aliasing States
ACAL '09 Proceedings of the 4th Australian Conference on Artificial Life: Borrowing from Biology
CoXCS: A Coevolutionary Learning Classifier Based on Feature Space Partitioning
AI '09 Proceedings of the 22nd Australasian Joint Conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Facetwise analysis of XCS for problems with class imbalances
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Counter example for Q-bucket-brigade under prediction problem
IWLCS'03-05 Proceedings of the 2003-2005 international conference on Learning classifier systems
Three architectures for continuous action
IWLCS'03-05 Proceedings of the 2003-2005 international conference on Learning classifier systems
A first assessment of the use of extended relational alphabets in accuracy classifier systems
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Adaption of XCS to multi-learner predator/prey scenarios
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
A granular agent evolutionary algorithm for classification
Applied Soft Computing
XCS revisited: a novel discovery component for the eXtended classifier system
SEAL'10 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Simulated evolution and learning
Autonomous multi-processor-SoC optimization with distributed learning classifier systems XCS
Proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on Autonomic computing
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Accuracy exponentiation in UCS and its effect on voting margins
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Random artificial incorporation of noise in a learning classifier system environment
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
XCSF with local deletion: preventing detrimental forgetting
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Self-adaptation of learning rate in XCS working in noisy and dynamic environments
Computers in Human Behavior
Clonal selection algorithm for classification
ICARIS'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Artificial immune systems
Towards a mapping of modern AIS and LCS
ICARIS'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Artificial immune systems
On-line regression algorithms for learning mechanical models of robots: A survey
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
Self-adaptation of parameters in a learning classifier system ensemble machine
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science - Computational Intelligence in Modern Control Systems
Rule discovery in epidemiologic surveillance data using EpiXCS: an evolutionary computation approach
AIME'05 Proceedings of the 10th conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
A New Architecture for Learning Classifier Systems to Solve POMDP Problems
Fundamenta Informaticae
Enhancing learning capabilities by XCS with best action mapping
PPSN'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - Volume Part I
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
XCS with adaptive action mapping
SEAL'12 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Simulated Evolution and Learning
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Self organizing classifiers and niched fitness
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Selection strategy for XCS with adaptive action mapping
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Analysis of the niche genetic algorithm in learning classifier systems
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Comparison of two methods for computing action values in XCS with code-fragment actions
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
An interpretable classification rule mining algorithm
Information Sciences: an International Journal
An examination of evolved behavior in two reinforcement learning systems
Decision Support Systems
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Takes initial steps toward a theory of generalization and learning in the learning classifier system XCS. We start from Wilson's generalization hypothesis, which states that XCS has an intrinsic tendency to evolve accurate, maximally general classifiers. We analyze the different evolutionary pressures in XCS and derive a simple equation that supports the hypothesis theoretically. The equation is tested with a number of experiments that confirm the model of generalization pressure that we provide. Then, we focus on the conditions, termed "challenges," that must be satisfied for the existence of effective fitness or accuracy pressure in XCS. We derive two equations that suggest how to set the population size and the covering probability so as to ensure the development of fitness pressure. We argue that when the challenges are met, XCS is able to evolve problem solutions reliably. When the challenges are not met, a problem may provide intrinsic fitness guidance or the reward may be biased in such a way that the problem will still be solved. The equations and the influence of intrinsic fitness guidance and biased reward are tested on large Boolean multiplexer problems. The paper is a contribution to understanding how XCS functions and lays the foundation for research on XCS's learning complexity.