Reducing bias and inefficiency in the selection algorithm
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms on Genetic algorithms and their application
Genetic algorithms and classifier systems: foundations and future directions
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms on Genetic algorithms and their application
Bucket brigade performance: I. Long sequences of classifiers
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms on Genetic algorithms and their application
Bucket brigade performance: II. Default hierarchies
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms on Genetic algorithms and their application
Classifier systems and genetic algorithms
Machine learning: paradigms and methods
Proceedings of the seventh international conference (1990) on Machine learning
Incremental learning of control strategies with genetic algorithms
Proceedings of the sixth international workshop on Machine learning
Letter Recognition Using Holland-Style Adaptive Classifiers
Machine Learning
Lookahead planning and latent learning in a classifier system
Proceedings of the first international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior on From animals to animats
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Inductive learning of decision rules from attribute-based examples: a knowledge-intensive genetic algorithm approach
The evolution of strategies for multiagent environments
Adaptive Behavior
Using Genetic Algorithms for Concept Learning
Machine Learning - Special issue on genetic algorithms
A Knowledge-Intensive Genetic Algorithm for Supervised Learning
Machine Learning - Special issue on genetic algorithms
Competition-Based Induction of Decision Models from Examples
Machine Learning - Special issue on genetic algorithms
A comparison of Q-learning and classifier systems
SAB94 Proceedings of the third international conference on Simulation of adaptive behavior : from animals to animats 3: from animals to animats 3
Artificial intelligence: a modern approach
Artificial intelligence: a modern approach
IEA/AIE '94 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Industrial and engineering applications of artificial intelligence and expert systems
Adding temporary memory to ZCS
Adaptive Behavior
Elements of machine learning
A comparison of genetic algorithms and other machine learning systems on a complex classification task from common disease research
Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity
Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity
Online Learning versus Offline Learning
Machine Learning
Machine Learning - Special issue on context sensitivity and concept drift
Learning classifier systems: a complete introduction, review, and roadmap
Journal of Artificial Evolution and Applications
Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation
Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Artificial Immune Systems: A New Computational Intelligence Paradigm
Artificial Immune Systems: A New Computational Intelligence Paradigm
The Design of Innovation: Lessons from and for Competent Genetic Algorithms
The Design of Innovation: Lessons from and for Competent Genetic Algorithms
Classifiers that approximate functions
Natural Computing: an international journal
Introduction: The Challenge of Reinforcement Learning
Machine Learning
Classifier Systems and the Animat Problem
Machine Learning
Learning to Predict by the Methods of Temporal Differences
Machine Learning
A Tale of Two Classifier Systems
Machine Learning
Classifier Systems that Learn Internal World Models
Machine Learning
Knowledge Growth in an Artificial Animal
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
Properties of the Bucket Brigade
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
Improving the Performance of Genetic Algorithms in Classifier Systems
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
The Emergence of Coupled Sequences of Classifiers
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
Triggered Rule Discovery in Classifier Systems
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
A Critical Review of Classifier Systems
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
PPSN V Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
TCS Learning Classifier System Controller on a Real Robot
PPSN VII Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
A Fuzzy Classifier System Using the Pittsburgh Approach
PPSN III Proceedings of the International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. The Third Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature: Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
A Modified Classifier System Compaction Algorithm
GECCO '02 Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
GECCO '02 Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
A Comparison Between ATNoSFERES And XCSM
GECCO '02 Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
Accuracy-based Neuro And Neuro-fuzzy Classifier Systems
GECCO '02 Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
Multiagent Coordination with Learning Classifier Systems
IJCAI '95 Proceedings of the Workshop on Adaption and Learning in Multi-Agent Systems
Biasing Exploration in an Anticipatory Learning Classifier System
IWLCS '01 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Advances in Learning Classifier Systems
Two Views of Classifier Systems
IWLCS '01 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Advances in Learning Classifier Systems
IWLCS '01 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Advances in Learning Classifier Systems
IWLCS '01 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Advances in Learning Classifier Systems
Recent trends in learning classifier systems research
Advances in evolutionary computing
A learning system based on genetic adaptive algorithms
A learning system based on genetic adaptive algorithms
Empirical studies of default hierarchies and sequences of rules in learning classifier systems
Empirical studies of default hierarchies and sequences of rules in learning classifier systems
Bounding the effect of noise in multiobjective learning classifier systems
Evolutionary Computation
For real! XCS with continuous-valued inputs
Evolutionary Computation
Ant Colony Optimization
Strong, Stable, and Reliable Fitness Pressure in XCS due to Tournament Selection
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Extracted global structure makes local building block processing effective in XCS
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A first order logic classifier system
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Kernel-based, ellipsoidal conditions in the real-valued XCS classifier system
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Analysis of the initialization stage of a Pittsburgh approach learning classifier system
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
DXCS: an XCS system for distributed data mining
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Rule-based evolutionary online learning systems: learning bounds, classification, and prediction
Rule-based evolutionary online learning systems: learning bounds, classification, and prediction
Learning classifier system ensemble for data mining
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual workshop on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Be real! XCS with continuous-valued inputs
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual workshop on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Toward Optimal Classifier System Performance in Non-Markov Environments
Evolutionary Computation
Smart crossover operator with multiple parents for a Pittsburgh learning classifier system
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Hyper-ellipsoidal conditions in XCS: rotation, linear approximation, and solution structure
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Using convex hulls to represent classifier conditions
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Prediction update algorithms for XCSF: RLS, Kalman filter, and gain adaptation
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Bounding XCS's parameters for unbalanced datasets
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Automated global structure extraction for effective local building block processing in XCS
Evolutionary Computation
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Multi-Classifier Systems: Review and a roadmap for developers
International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems
Learning classifier systems: a survey
Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications
Fuzzy-UCS: preliminary results
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
MILCS: a mutual information learning classifier system
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Collective behavior based hierarchical XCS
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Automated alphabet reduction method with evolutionary algorithms for protein structure prediction
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Empirical analysis of generalization and learning in XCS with gradient descent
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Classifier systems that compute action mappings
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Mining breast cancer data with XCS
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
HIS '07 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems
ICNC '07 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Natural Computation - Volume 03
Genetic and non-genetic operators in alecsys
Evolutionary Computation
Zcs: A zeroth level classifier system
Evolutionary Computation
Implicit niching in a learning classifier system: Nature's way
Evolutionary Computation
Classifier fitness based on accuracy
Evolutionary Computation
Search-intensive concept induction
Evolutionary Computation
Neural-Based Learning Classifier Systems
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Short communication: Mining knowledge from data using Anticipatory Classifier System
Knowledge-Based Systems
Design and Analysis of Learning Classifier Systems: A Probabilistic Approach (Studies in Computational Intelligence)
Context-dependent predictions and cognitive arm control with XCSF
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Prediction of topological contacts in proteins using learning classifier systems
Soft Computing - A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications - Special Issue on Evolutionary and Metaheuristics based Data Mining (EMBDM); Guest Editors: José A. Gámez, María J. del Jesús, José M. Puerta
Natural niching for evolving cooperative classifiers
GECCO '96 Proceedings of the 1st annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Bounding the population size in XCS to ensure reproductive opportunities
GECCO'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation: PartII
Tournament selection: stable fitness pressure in XCS
GECCO'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation: PartII
LCSE: learning classifier system ensemble for incremental medical instances
IWLCS'03-05 Proceedings of the 2003-2005 international conference on Learning classifier systems
An experimental comparison between ATNoSFERES and ACS
IWLCS'03-05 Proceedings of the 2003-2005 international conference on Learning classifier systems
Detection of sentinel predictor-class associations with XCS: a sensitivity analysis
IWLCS'03-05 Proceedings of the 2003-2005 international conference on Learning classifier systems
Data mining in learning classifier systems: comparing XCS with GAssist
IWLCS'03-05 Proceedings of the 2003-2005 international conference on Learning classifier systems
The EpiXCS workbench: a tool for experimentation and visualization
IWLCS'03-05 Proceedings of the 2003-2005 international conference on Learning classifier systems
Ensemble learning classifier system and compact ruleset
SEAL'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Simulated Evolution And Learning
An evolutionary function approximation approach to compute prediction in XCSF
ECML'05 Proceedings of the 16th European conference on Machine Learning
Rule discovery in epidemiologic surveillance data using EpiXCS: an evolutionary computation approach
AIME'05 Proceedings of the 10th conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Toward a theory of generalization and learning in XCS
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Learning Classifier System Ensembles With Rule-Sharing
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Fuzzy-XCS: A Michigan Genetic Fuzzy System
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Speedup character-based matching in learning classifier systems with Xor
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Information theoretic fitness measures for learning classifier systems
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
LESR CLASS: an LCS for securities trading rulesets
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
PPSN'10 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Parallel problem solving from nature: Part I
ICAISC'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Artificial intelligence and soft computing: Part I
XCS cannot learn all boolean functions
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Random artificial incorporation of noise in a learning classifier system environment
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A genetic algorithm-based rule extraction system
Applied Soft Computing
Computational Intelligence
Extracting and using building blocks of knowledge in learning classifier systems
Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Combining adaptive goal-driven agents with mixed multi-unit combinatorial auctions
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies
PPSN'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - Volume Part I
An abstract deep network for image classification
AI'12 Proceedings of the 25th Australasian joint conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
XCSR with computed continuous action
AI'12 Proceedings of the 25th Australasian joint conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Self organizing classifiers and niched fitness
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Adaptive artificial datasets through learning classifier systems for classification tasks
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A simple multi-core parallelization strategy for learning classifier system evaluation
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Efficient training set use for blood pressure prediction in a large scale learning classifier system
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
An examination of evolved behavior in two reinforcement learning systems
Decision Support Systems
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If complexity is your problem, learning classifier systems (LCSs) may offer a solution. These rule-based, multifaceted, machine learning algorithms originated and have evolved in the cradle of evolutionary biology and artificial intelligence. The LCS concept has inspired a multitude of implementations adapted to manage the different problem domains to which it has been applied (e.g., autonomous robotics, classification, knowledge discovery, and modeling). One field that is taking increasing notice of LCS is epidemiology, where there is a growing demand for powerful tools to facilitate etiological discovery. Unfortunately, implementation optimization is nontrivial, and a cohesive encapsulation of implementation alternatives seems to be lacking. This paper aims to provide an accessible foundation for researchers of different backgrounds interested in selecting or developing their own LCS. Included is a simple yet thorough introduction, a historical review, and a roadmap of algorithmic components, emphasizing differences in alternative LCS implementations.