Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
C4.5: programs for machine learning
C4.5: programs for machine learning
Adaptation in dynamic environments through a minimal probability of exploration
SAB94 Proceedings of the third international conference on Simulation of adaptive behavior : from animals to animats 3: from animals to animats 3
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning
The Design of Innovation: Lessons from and for Competent Genetic Algorithms
The Design of Innovation: Lessons from and for Competent Genetic Algorithms
A Survey of Optimization by Building and Using Probabilistic Models
Computational Optimization and Applications
Evolutionary Computation
Adaptive Selection Methods for Genetic Algorithms
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Genetic Algorithms
A Preliminary Investigation of Modified XCS as a Generic Data Mining Tool
IWLCS '01 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Advances in Learning Classifier Systems
XCS and GALE: A Comparative Study of Two Learning Classifier Systems on Data Mining
IWLCS '01 Revised Papers from the 4th International Workshop on Advances in Learning Classifier Systems
Classifier fitness based on accuracy
Evolutionary Computation
An analysis of generalization in the xcs classifier system
Evolutionary Computation
Tournament selection: stable fitness pressure in XCS
GECCO'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation: PartII
Learning classifier systems: a complete introduction, review, and roadmap
Journal of Artificial Evolution and Applications
Strong, Stable, and Reliable Fitness Pressure in XCS due to Tournament Selection
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Extracted global structure makes local building block processing effective in XCS
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Kernel-based, ellipsoidal conditions in the real-valued XCS classifier system
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
DXCS: an XCS system for distributed data mining
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Be real! XCS with continuous-valued inputs
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual workshop on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Studying XCS/BOA learning in Boolean functions: structure encoding and random Boolean functions
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Hyper-ellipsoidal conditions in XCS: rotation, linear approximation, and solution structure
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A representational ecology for learning classifier systems
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Bounding XCS's parameters for unbalanced datasets
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A probabilistic classifier system and its application in data mining
Evolutionary Computation
Evolving classifiers on field programmable gate arrays: migrating XCS to FPGAs
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal - Special issue: Nature-inspired applications and systems
Automated global structure extraction for effective local building block processing in XCS
Evolutionary Computation
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Modeling selection pressure in XCS for proportionate and tournament selection
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Mining breast cancer data with XCS
Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
New approach for extracting knowledge from the XCS learning classifier system
International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems
A Principled Foundation for LCS
Learning Classifier Systems
Revisiting UCS: Description, Fitness Sharing, and Comparison with XCS
Learning Classifier Systems
On Lookahead and Latent Learning in Simple LCS
Learning Classifier Systems
Analysing Learning Classifier Systems in Reactive and Non-reactive Robotic Tasks
Learning Classifier Systems
Relative fitness scaling for improving efficiency of proportionate selection in genetic algorithms
Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference Companion on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference: Late Breaking Papers
Learning classifier systems: a complete introduction, review, and roadmap
Journal of Artificial Evolution and Applications
Feedback of Delayed Rewards in XCS for Environments with Aliasing States
ACAL '09 Proceedings of the 4th Australian Conference on Artificial Life: Borrowing from Biology
Facetwise analysis of XCS for problems with class imbalances
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Effect of pure error-based fitness in XCS
IWLCS'03-05 Proceedings of the 2003-2005 international conference on Learning classifier systems
How XCS deals with rarities in domains with continuous attributes
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
XCS revisited: a novel discovery component for the eXtended classifier system
SEAL'10 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Simulated evolution and learning
XCS cannot learn all boolean functions
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference companion on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Self-adaptation of learning rate in XCS working in noisy and dynamic environments
Computers in Human Behavior
On-line regression algorithms for learning mechanical models of robots: A survey
Robotics and Autonomous Systems
Self-adaptation of parameters in a learning classifier system ensemble machine
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science - Computational Intelligence in Modern Control Systems
Guided rule discovery in XCS for high-dimensional classification problems
AI'11 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Selection strategy for XCS with adaptive action mapping
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
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The evolutionary learning mechanism in XCS strongly depends on its accuracy-based fitness approach. The approach is meant to result in an evolutionary drive from classifiers of low accuracy to those of high accuracy. Since, given inaccuracy, lower specificity often corresponds to lower accuracy, fitness pressure most often also results in a pressure towards higher specificity. Moreover, fitness pressure should cause the evolutionary process to be innovative in that it combines low-order building blocks of lower accurate classifiers, to higher-order building blocks with higher accuracy. This paper investigates how, when, and where accuracy-based fitness results in successful rule evolution in XCS. Along the way, a weakness in the current proportionate selection method in XCS is identified. Several problem bounds are derived that need to be obeyed to enable proper evolutionary pressure. Moreover, a fitness dilemma is identified that causes accuracy-based fitness to be misleading. Improvements are introduced to XCS to make fitness pressure more robust and overcome the fitness dilemma. Specifically, (1) tournament selection results in a much better fitness-bias exploitation, and (2) bilateral accuracy prevents the fitness dilemma. While the improvements stand for themselves, we believe they also contribute to the ultimate goal of an evolutionary learning system that is able to solve decomposable machine-learning problems quickly, accurately, and reliably. The paper also contributes to the further understanding of XCS in general and the fitness approach in XCS in particular.