An empirical investigation of the tacit plan knowledge in programming
Human factors in computer systems
Comprehension strategies in programming
Empirical studies of programmers: second workshop
Integrating algorithm animation into a learning environment
Computers & Education
Evaluating animations as student aids in learning computer algorithms
Computers & Education
Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice
Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice
Dancing hamsters and marble statues: characterizing student visualizations of algorithms
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM symposium on Software visualization
An Empirical Analysis of Roles of Variables in Novice-Level Procedural Programs
HCC '02 Proceedings of the IEEE 2002 Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments (HCC'02)
Animation of user algorithms on the Web
VL '97 Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (VL '97)
Visualizing roles of variables in program animation
Information Visualization - Special issue: Software visualization
Roles of variables and programming skills improvement
Proceedings of the 37th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education
Targeting program visualizations
Proceedings of the 12th annual SIGCSE conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education
Introducing PyLighter: dynamic code highlighter
Proceedings of the 40th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education
Analysis of research into the teaching and learning of programming
ICER '09 Proceedings of the fifth international workshop on Computing education research workshop
3D animation of Java program execution for teaching object oriented concepts
VIIP '07 The Seventh IASTED International Conference on Visualization, Imaging and Image Processing
User-adaptive explanatory program visualization: evaluation and insights from eye movements
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
An introduction to program comprehension for computer science educators
Proceedings of the 2010 ITiCSE working group reports
Effectiveness of integrating program visualizations to a programming course
Koli Calling '07 Proceedings of the Seventh Baltic Sea Conference on Computing Education Research - Volume 88
A Review of Generic Program Visualization Systems for Introductory Programming Education
ACM Transactions on Computing Education (TOCE)
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Empirical evaluation of visualizations has so far been typically carried out by measuring the performance of participants that have been shown the visualization in relation to control group by grading programming tasks. Such studies tell little about what effects take place during the visualizations and how these effects build up into the learning effects. To address these issues, we are carrying out a series of experiments using visualization tools whose long-term effects are known.This paper presents a model of the cognitive phenomena that take place during visualization viewing sessions and describes an experiment where two visualization tools that differed in the amount of animation were used. The results show that even when participants were provided with rich visual information in the form of animations, they resorted heavily to the textual cues present on the screen. As the animation proceeded, participants started to follow visual cues more closely. However, if the names of the variables involved in the current operation were not in the visually cued area, participants tended to search for them in the program code. In the absence of animation, participants were more eager to browse the code in general.