TCP/IP illustrated (vol. 1): the protocols
TCP/IP illustrated (vol. 1): the protocols
Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers
SIGCOMM '94 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems
Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems
SHARP: a hybrid adaptive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
BeeAdHoc: an energy efficient routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks inspired by bee behavior
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Self-organization in communication networks: principles and design paradigms
IEEE Communications Magazine
A Simulation Study of Routing Performance in Realistic Urban Scenarios for MANETs
ANTS '08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Ant Colony Optimization and Swarm Intelligence
Formal Modeling of BeeAdHoc: A Bio-inspired Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocol
ANTS '08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Ant Colony Optimization and Swarm Intelligence
A Performance Comparison of Swarm Intelligence Inspired Routing Algorithms for MANETs
ICCSA '09 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications: Part II
ICAISC'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Artifical intelligence and soft computing: Part II
Bee-sensor: a step towards meta-routing strategies in hybrid ad hoc networks
ANTS'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Swarm intelligence
Dynamic routing exponent strategies for ant-based protocols
EvoApplications'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Applications of evolutionary computation - Volume Part II
Survey Paper: Routing protocols in ad hoc networks: A survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
ACS'11 Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS international conference on Applied computer science
Analysis of ant-based routing with wireless medium access control
ANTS'12 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Swarm Intelligence
Congestion control in wireless sensor networks based on bird flocking behavior
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
A-GR: A novel geographical routing protocol for AANETs
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Smart data packet ad hoc routing protocol
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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We present a hybrid routing protocol for both pure and hybrid ad hoc networks which uses the mechanisms of swarm intelligence to select next hops. Our protocol, Ad hoc Networking with Swarm Intelligence (ANSI), is a congestion-aware routing protocol, which, owing to the self-organizing mechanisms of swarm intelligence, is able to collect more information about the local network and make more effective routing decisions than traditional MANET protocols. Once routes are found, ANSI maintains routes along a path from source to destination effectively by using swarm intelligence techniques, and is able to gauge the slow deterioration of a link and restore a path along newer links as and when necessary. ANSI is thus more responsive to topological fluctuations. ANSI is designed to work over hybrid ad hoc networks: ad hoc networks which consist of both lower-capability, mobile wireless devices and higher-capability, wireless devices which may or may not be mobile. In addition, ANSI works with multiple interfaces and with both wired and wireless interfaces.Our simulation study compared ANSI with AODV on both hybrid and pure ad hoc network scenarios using both TCP and UDP data flows. The results show that ANSI is able to achieve better results (in terms of packet delivery, number of packets sent, end-to-end delay, and jitter) as compared to AODV in most simulation scenarios. In addition, ANSI achieves this performance with fewer route errors as compared to AODV. Lastly, ANSI is able to perform more consistently, considering the lower variation (measured as the width of the confidence intervals) of the observed values in the results of the experiments. We show that ANSI's performance is aided by both its superior handling of routing information and also its congestion awareness properties, though we see that congestion awareness in ANSI comes at a price.