More than meets the eye: transforming the user experience of home network management
Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Designing interactive systems
Reflecting on the invisible: understanding end-user perceptions of ubiquitous computing
UbiComp '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Ubiquitous computing
Computational Support for Sketching in Design: A Review
Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction
Software design sketching with calico
Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM international conference on Automated software engineering
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To explore how people conceptualize a complex system, 232 university students were asked to sketch how a search engine works. While the sketches reveal a diverse range of visual and conceptual approaches, a subset of the sketches exhibit an underlying regularity for describing algorithmic processes. To explain this regularity, I propose the conceptual metaphor: A SEARCH ENGINE IS A SERIES OF TEXT TRANSFORMATIONS and describe a set of mappings from sketchable graphic markings to abstractions in the search engine domain. I believe that this metaphor can be applied to enable people to more effectively conceptualize, describe, and explore complex systems.