American Scientist
Communications of the ACM
The computer reaches out: the historical continuity of interface design
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Computer science is a new engineering discipline
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
The computer scientist as toolsmith II
Communications of the ACM
User-centered technology: a rhetorical theory for computers and other mundane artifacts
User-centered technology: a rhetorical theory for computers and other mundane artifacts
Social Analyses of Computing: Theoretical Perspectives in Recent Empirical Research
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies
Leonardo's Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies
What Can Be Automated?: Computer Science and Engineering Research Study
What Can Be Automated?: Computer Science and Engineering Research Study
Some Observations About the Nature of Computer Science
Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science
Research paradigms in computer science
ICSE '76 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software engineering
Communications of the ACM - Blueprint for the future of high-performance networking
Advanced Topics In End User Computing
Advanced Topics In End User Computing
Human-centered design considered harmful
interactions - Ambient intelligence: exploring our living environment
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In 1989 the ACM task force on the Core of Computer Science argued that "What can be (effectively) automated?" is "the fundamental question underlying all of computing". The task force's view of computing was a machine-oriented one; the task force recognized the theoretical, empirical, and design-oriented aspects of computer science. The question "What can be effectively automated?" indeed draws some fundamental limits of automatic computation. However, since the 1980s there has been an ongoing shift away from the machine-centered view of computing, towards a human-centered view of computing. In this paper I argue that humancentered computing necessitates a perspective shift in computer science. I note that the central question of machine-centered computing fails to recognize the driving issues of human-centered computing. I argue that in all branches of human-centered computing there is another fundamental question that should be asked: "What should be automated?"