Forward models for physiological motor control
Neural Networks - 1996 Special issue: four major hypotheses in neuroscience
Learning to Predict by the Methods of Temporal Differences
Machine Learning
Self-organizing continuous attractor networks and motor function
Neural Networks
Neural Networks - Special issue: Computational theories of the functions of the hippocampus
Hierarchical dynamical models of motor function
Neurocomputing
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A key problem in reinforcement learning is how an animal is able to learn a sequence of movements when the reward signal only occurs at the end of the sequence. We describe how a hierarchical dynamical model of motor function is able to solve the problem of delayed reward in learning movement sequences using associative (Hebbian) learning. At the lowest level, the motor system encodes simple movements or primitives, while at higher levels the system encodes sequences of primitives. During training, the network is able to learn a high level motor program composed of a specific temporal sequence of motor primitives. The network is able to achieve this despite the fact that the reward signal, which indicates whether or not the desired motor program has been performed correctly, is received only at the end of each trial during learning. Use of a continuous attractor network in the architecture enables the network to generate the motor outputs required to produce the continuous movements necessary to implement the motor sequence.