Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers
SIGCOMM '94 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols
MobiCom '98 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
PAMAS—power aware multi-access protocol with signalling for ad hoc networks
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Topology management for sensor networks: exploiting latency and density
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Wake on wireless: an event driven energy saving strategy for battery operated devices
Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Asynchronous wakeup for ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Message Ferrying: Proactive Routing in Highly-Partitioned Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
FTDCS '03 Proceedings of the The Ninth IEEE Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
A Highly Adaptive Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks
INFOCOM '97 Proceedings of the INFOCOM '97. Sixteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. Driving the Information Revolution
A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets
Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Cooperative solutions to the dynamic management of communication resources
Cooperative solutions to the dynamic management of communication resources
Self-tuning wireless network power management
Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
WSNA '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Practical lazy scheduling in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Towards mobility as a network control primitive
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
A message ferrying approach for data delivery in sparse mobile ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Data delivery in fragmented wireless sensor networks using mobile agents
Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Modeling, analysis, and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
Hierarchical power management in disruption tolerant networks using traffic-aware optimization
Computer Communications
Recovery from multiple simultaneous failures in wireless sensor networks using minimum Steiner tree
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
Coverage-aware connectivity restoration in mobile sensor networks
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Optimized relay placement to federate segments in wireless sensor networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Optimized relay node placement for connecting disjoint wireless sensor networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
A Battery-Aware Algorithm for Supporting Collaborative Applications
Mobile Networks and Applications
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Journal of High Speed Networks
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Wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have the potential for use in important application environments, such as remote environmental monitoring, where energy resources are limited. Efficient power management is necessary to allow these networks to operate over a long period of time. One of the key factors affecting the design of power management mechanisms is the routing protocol in use within the network. In this paper, we investigate the Message ferrying (MF) routing paradigm as a means to save energy while trading off data delivery delay. In MF, special nodes called ferries move around the deployment area to deliver messages for nodes. While this routing paradigm has been developed mainly to deliver messages in partitioned networks, here we explore its use in a connected MANET. The reliance on the movement of ferries to deliver messages increases the delivery delay if a network is not partitioned. However, delegating message delivery to ferries provides the opportunity for nodes to save energy by aggressively disabling their radios when ferries are far away. To exploit this feature, we present a power management framework, in which nodes switch their power management modes based on knowledge of ferry location. We evaluate the performance of our scheme using ns-2 simulations and compare it with a multihop routing protocol, dynamic source routing (DSR). Our simulation results show that MF achieves energy savings as high as 95% compared to DSR without power management and still delivers more than 98% of messages. In contrast, a power-managed DSR delivers many fewer messages than MF to achieve similar energy savings. In the scenario of heavy traffic load, the power-managed DSR delivers less than 20% of messages. MF also shows robust performance for highly mobile nodes, while the performance of DSR suffers significantly. Thus, delay tolerant applications can use MF rather than a multihop routing protocol to save energy efficiently when both routing approaches are available.