Stages and levels in human-machine interaction
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
A virtual protocol model for computer-human interaction
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Layered protocols for computer-human dialogue. 1: principles
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies - Special Issue: Multimodal Computer-Human Interaction
Layered protocols for computer-human dialogue. 11: some practical issues
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies - Special Issue: Multimodal Computer-Human Interaction
A cookbook for using the model-view controller user interface paradigm in Smalltalk-80
Journal of Object-Oriented Programming
Development of an instrument measuring user satisfaction of the human-computer interface
CHI '88 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Discrete mathematics with applications
Discrete mathematics with applications
Cognitive walkthroughs: a method for theory-based evaluation of user interfaces
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Unified theories of cognition
Software reuse: a case study on cost-benefit of adopting a common software development tool
Cost-justifying usability
AVI '94 Proceedings of the workshop on Advanced visual interfaces
IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: psychometric evaluation and instructions for use
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
The importance of percent-done progress indicators for computer-human interfaces
CHI '85 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Perceptual control and layered protocols in interface design: I. Fundamental concepts
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Perceptual control and layered prtocols in interface design: II. The general protocol grammar
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Towards explaining the behaviour of novice users
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
A comparison of tools for building GOMS models
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems
Communications of the ACM
The dynamics of mass online marketplaces: a case study of an online auction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extracting usability information from user interface events
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Model-Based Design and Evaluation of Interactive Applications
Model-Based Design and Evaluation of Interactive Applications
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Handbook of Usability Testing: How to Plan, Design, and Conduct Effective Tests
Handbook of Usability Testing: How to Plan, Design, and Conduct Effective Tests
Comparative usability evaluation
Behaviour & Information Technology
Human-Computer Interaction
Damaged merchandise? a review of experiments that compare usability evaluation methods
Human-Computer Interaction
EHCI-DSVIS'04 Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems
Formalising an understanding of user-system misfits
EHCI-DSVIS'04 Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on Engineering Human Computer Interaction and Interactive Systems
International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction
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Current usability evaluation methods are essentially holistic in nature. However, engineers that apply a component-based software engineering approach might also be interested in understanding the usability of individual parts of an interactive system. This paper examines the efficiency dimension of usability by describing a method, which engineers can use to test, empirically and objectively, the physical interaction effort to operate components in a single device. The method looks at low-level events, such as button clicks, and attributes the physical effort associated with these interaction events to individual components in the system. This forms the basis for engineers to prioritise their improvement effort. The paper discusses face validity, content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity of the method. The discussion is set within the context of four usability tests, in which 40 users participated to evaluate the efficiency of four different versions of a mobile phone. The results of the study show that the method can provide a valid estimation of the physical interaction event effort users made when interacting with a specific part of a device.