Communications of the ACM
NetCash: a design for practical electronic currency on the Internet
CCS '93 Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on Computer and communications security
CCS '93 Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on Computer and communications security
UEPS - A Second Generation Electronic Wallet
ESORICS '92 Proceedings of the Second European Symposium on Research in Computer Security
Token-mediated certification and electronic commerce
WOEC'96 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Proceedings of the Second USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce - Volume 2
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We describe the first operational Internet payment switch that provides real-time authorization suitable for direct use by merchant servers. A payment switch is a server that creates digital representations of conventional financial instruments, and forwards authentic payment orders on these instruments to their corresponding conventional financial networks and institutions. Our payment switch provides support for time-based and item-based pricing, implements switch based authorization and settlement aggregation for micropayments, and includes an extensive customer support system in order to provide a high level of customer confidence in electronic commerce. Fraud control is based on a transaction-specific multi-level security model that accommodates existing Internet browsers. Multiple authentication technologies are applied to every transaction.