Epidemic algorithms for replicated database maintenance
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Impossibility of distributed consensus with one faulty process
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
The Timed Asynchronous Distributed System Model
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Mobility increases the capacity of ad hoc wireless networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Wearable Computers as Packet Transport Mechanisms in Highly-Partitioned Ad-Hoc Networks
ISWC '01 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets
Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
A message ferrying approach for data delivery in sparse mobile ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Routing in a delay tolerant network
Proceedings of the 2004 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Mitigating congestion in wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Integrated routing and storage for messaging applications in mobile ad hoc networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
Practical routing in delay-tolerant networks
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking
Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking
Resource and performance tradeoffs in delay-tolerant wireless networks
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Delay-tolerant networking
Measurements of In-Motion 802.11 Networking
WMCSA '06 Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems & Applications
Transport layer issues in delay tolerant mobile networks
NETWORKING'06 Proceedings of the 5th international IFIP-TC6 conference on Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems
Delay-tolerant networking: an approach to interplanetary Internet
IEEE Communications Magazine
Opportunistic DTN routing with window-aware adaptive replication
Proceedings of the 4th Asian Conference on Internet Engineering
A framework for evaluating DTN mobility models
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques
CREST: an opportunistic forwarding protocol based on conditional residual time
SECON'09 Proceedings of the 6th Annual IEEE communications society conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks
From contacts to graphs: pitfalls in using complex network analysis for DTN routing
INFOCOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE international conference on Computer Communications Workshops
Brief encounters: Sensing, modeling and visualizing urban mobility and copresence networks
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
GLOBECOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE conference on Global telecommunications
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking - Special issue on opportunistic and delay tolerant networks
Energy-aware routing algorithms for wireless ad hoc networks with heterogeneous power supplies
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Licklider transmission protocol (LTP)-based DTN for cislunar communications
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
A privacy-restoring mechanism for offline RFID systems
Proceedings of the fifth ACM conference on Security and Privacy in Wireless and Mobile Networks
Security and Communication Networks
Dynamic DTN Routing Strategies Based on Knowledge
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Performance of DTN protocols in space communications
Wireless Networks
New technologies for the search of trapped victims
Ad Hoc Networks
Quota-Based Multicast Routing in Delay-Tolerant Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Memory Forwarding Algorithm in Multiple Communities Delay Tolerant Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
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Delay-tolerant networks (DTNs) have the potential to interconnect devices in regions that current networking technology cannot reach. To realize the DTN vision, routes must be found over multiple unreliable, intermittently-connected hops. In this paper we present a practical routing protocol that uses only observed information about the network. We designed a metric that estimates the average waiting time for each potential next hop. This learned topology information is distributed using a link-state routing protocol, where the link-state packets are "flooded” using epidemic routing. The routing is recomputed each time connections are established, allowing messages to take advantage of unpredictable contacts. A message is forwarded if the topology suggests that the connected node is "closer” to the destination than the current node. We demonstrate through simulation that our protocol provides performance similar to that of schemes that have global knowledge of the network topology, yet without requiring that knowledge. Further, it requires significantly less resources than the alternative, epidemic routing, suggesting that our approach scales better with the number of messages in the network. This performance is achieved with minimal protocol overhead for networks of approximately 100 nodes.