The visual display of quantitative information
The visual display of quantitative information
Using visual texture for information display
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Building perceptual textures to visualize multidimensional datasets
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '98
Information visualization: perception for design
Information visualization: perception for design
Large Datasets at a Glance: Combining Textures and Colors in Scientific Visualization
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
User Studies: Why, How, and When?
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Human Factors in Visualization Research
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Top Scientific Visualization Research Problems
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Semiology of graphics
Enabling technologies for the ‘always best connected’ concept: Research Articles
Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing
A method for the perceptual optimization of complex visualizations
Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
IJCAI'01 Proceedings of the 17th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Object displays for identifying multidimensional outliers within a crowded visual periphery
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
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A common approach for visualizing data sets is to map them to images in which distinct data dimensions are mapped to distinct visual features, such as color, size and orientation. Here, we consider visualizations in which different data dimensions should receive equal weight and attention. Many of the end-user tasks performed on these images involve a form of visual search. Often, it is simply assumed that features can be judged independently of each other in such tasks. However, there is evidence for perceptual dependencies when simultaneously presenting multiple features. Such dependencies could potentially affect information visualizations that contain combinations of features for encoding information and, thereby, bias subjects into unequally weighting the relevance of different data dimensions. We experimentally assess (1) the presence of judgment dependencies in a visualization task (searching for a target node in a node-link diagram) and (2) how feature contrast relates to salience. From a visualization point of view, our most relevant findings are that (a) to equalize saliency (and thus bottom-up weighting) of size and color, color contrasts have to become very low. Moreover, orientation is less suitable for representing information that consists of a large range of data values, because it does not show a clear relationship between contrast and salience; (b) color and size are features that can be used independently to represent information, at least as far as the range of colors that were used in our study are concerned; (c) the concept of (static) feature salience hierarchies is wrong; how salient a feature is compared to another is not fixed, but a function of feature contrasts; (d) final decisions appear to be as good an indicator of perceptual performance as indicators based on measures obtained from individual fixations. Eye tracking, therefore, does not necessarily present a benefit for user studies that aim at evaluating performance in search tasks.