Computer facial animation
Animating facial features and expressions
Animating facial features and expressions
Computer generated animation of faces
ACM '72 Proceedings of the ACM annual conference - Volume 1
Visual Speech Synthesis by Morphing Visemes
Visual Speech Synthesis by Morphing Visemes
Talking Faces - Technologies and Applications
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 3 - Volume 03
A Multilingual Embodied Conversational Agent
HICSS '05 Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - Volume 09
Creating Speech-Synchronized Animation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Expressive speech-driven facial animation
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Expressive Facial Animation Synthesis by Learning Speech Coarticulation and Expression Spaces
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Facial animation in a nutshell: past, present and future
SAICSIT '06 Proceedings of the 2006 annual research conference of the South African institute of computer scientists and information technologists on IT research in developing countries
Simulating speech with a physics-based facial muscle model
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Viseme classification for talking head application
CAIP'05 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns
Vision based speech animation transferring with underlying anatomical structure
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
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Speech-synchronized facial animation forms an increasingly important aspect of computer animation. The majority of commercial animation products are produced using the English language. Major stakeholders in the industry are the producers of animated movies and the developers of computer games, while the creation of conversational agents for communication in cyberspace and for applications in, for example, language learning is an active field of investigation. It is, therefore, not surprising that most of the commercial facial animation and lip synchronization software caters mainly for English. Northern Sotho, one of the eleven official languages of South Africa, belongs to the so-called Bantu language family and is a resource-scarce (in terms of language resources, technological infrastructure and funding), lesser-studied language of the world. The general question as to whether facial animation tools mainly developed and used for English are appropriate for Northern Sotho speech animation is addressed. More specifically, we investigate what can be achieved with commercially available animation products for English. The paper reports on the process followed, the first results obtained and insights acquired. It is demonstrated that a variety of non-English (Northern Sotho) phonemes can indeed be modelled by tools developed for English by combining multiple different English phonemes and manipulating facial muscles and their actions.