GPS-free Positioning in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Cluster Computing
Denial of Service in Sensor Networks
Computer
Localization from mere connectivity
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Range-free localization schemes for large scale sensor networks
Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Analyzing Connectivity-Based Multi-Hop Ad-hoc Positioning
PERCOM '04 Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom'04)
The sybil attack in sensor networks: analysis & defenses
Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
SECTOR: secure tracking of node encounters in multi-hop wireless networks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor networks
SeRLoc: secure range-independent localization for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Wireless security
Visualization of wormholes in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on Wireless security
Attack-resistant location estimation in sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
LAD: localization anomaly detection for wireless sensor networks
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing - 19th International parallel and distributed processing symposium
Organizing a global coordinate system from local information on an ad hoc sensor network
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
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Localization is a fundamental problem in wireless sensor networks. Currently, most localization protocols assume a benign environment. This paper studies how a localization protocol can be affected by attacks, especially those like wormhole attacks that don't need to capture the keys used in the network, and how such an attack can be detected and defended in distributed scheme. By applying several localization algorithms, this paper first shows that wormhole attacks are a serious threat to all these algorithms, based on simulation in NS-2. The paper first evaluates the effects of wormhole attacks on several Range-Free Anchor-Free (RFAF) localization algorithms based on hop-counting and connectivity techniques. Then, the paper presents an RFAF localization algorithm called Wormhole-resilient Geographic Distributed Localization (WGDL), which embeds a wormhole detecting/recovering mechanism: if this mechanism detects wormhole attacks in location computation, then it will restore the localization by freezing the wormhole affected area. Simulations show that the proposed detection method is effective on different network placements, and that the mechanism has both a low False Toleration Rate (FTR) and a low False Detection Rate (FDR) in detecting wormhole attacks.