Reaching Agreement in the Presence of Faults
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Guarded commands, nondeterminacy and formal derivation of programs
Communications of the ACM
Synchronization and Matching in Redundant Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Clock synchronization of a large multiprocessor system in the presence of malicious faults
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Distributed synchronous clocking
ARVLSI '95 Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Advanced Research in VLSI (ARVLSI'95)
FTCS '95 Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing
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Two designs of a fault-tolerant clocking system are described: a time-discrete design based on autonomous oscillators and a time-continuous design based on voltage-controlled oscillators. In both designs the system consists of a number of identical modules producing as many mutually synchronous binary clock signals. The system is fault-tolerant in that if at most f modules fail, the remaining modules continue to produce synchronous clock signals. The minimum configuration, i.e., the minimum number of modules that guarantees a fault-tolerant operation, is either 3f + 1 or 2f + 1, depending on both the design chosen (time-discrete or time-continuous) and the assumed fault model.