Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The “growing up” of HyperBraille—an office workspace for blind people
Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Barriers to use: usability and content accessibility on the Web's most popular sites
CUU '00 Proceedings on the 2000 conference on Universal Usability
The design of auditory user interfaces for blind users
Proceedings of the second Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Assessing a Firm's Web Presence: A Heuristic Evaluation Procedure for the Measurement of Usability
Information Systems Research
The human-computer interaction handbook
Guidelines, standards, and style guides
The human-computer interaction handbook
Web accessibility: a broader view
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web
Hearsay: enabling audio browsing on hypertext content
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web
Tension, what tension?: Website accessibility and visual design
W4A '04 Proceedings of the 2004 international cross-disciplinary workshop on Web accessibility (W4A)
Accessibility of Internet websites through time
Assets '04 Proceedings of the 6th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Proposing new metrics to evaluate web usability for the blind
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Information Architecture for the World Wide Web
Information Architecture for the World Wide Web
Soundtrack: an auditory interface for blind users
Human-Computer Interaction
Cognitive load in ecommerce applications: measurement and effects on user satisfaction
Advances in Human-Computer Interaction
User friendly system for the visually impaired in learning Al-Quran
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS
Automatic web accessibility metrics: Where we are and where we can go
Interacting with Computers
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCHI Italian Chapter International Conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Facing Complexity
Working towards usable forms on the worldwide web: optimizing multiple selection interface elements
Advances in Human-Computer Interaction
Guidelines are only half of the story: accessibility problems encountered by blind users on the web
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Computers in Human Behavior
How will the use of graphics affect visual aesthetics? A user-centered approach for web page design
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Coping tactics employed by visually disabled users on the web
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Proxy Service to Contextualize Web Browsing for the Visually Impaired
Proceedings of International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications & Services
An investigation on Ribbon interface design guidelines for people with less computer literacy
Computer Standards & Interfaces
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Websites do not become usable just because their content is accessible. For people who are blind, the application of the W3C's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) often might not even make a significant difference in terms of efficiency, errors or satisfaction in website usage. This paper documents the development of nine guidelines to construct an enhanced text user interface (ETI) as an alternative to the graphical user interface (GUI). An experimental design with 39 blind participants executing a search and a navigation task on a website showed that with the ETI, blind users executed the search task significantly faster, committing fewer mistakes, rating it significantly better on subjective scales as well as when compared to the GUIs from other websites they had visited. However, performance did not improve with the ETI on the navigation task, the main reason presumed to be labeling problems. We conclude that the ETI is an improvement over the GUI, but that it cannot help in overcoming one major weakness of most websites: If users do not understand navigation labels, even the best user interface cannot help them navigate.