Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Display of Surfaces from Volume Data
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
A polygonal approximation to direct scalar volume rendering
VVS '90 Proceedings of the 1990 workshop on Volume visualization
Efficiently using graphics hardware in volume rendering applications
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Hardware-accelerated volume and isosurface rendering based on cell-projection
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '00
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
High-quality pre-integrated volume rendering using hardware-accelerated pixel shading
Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS workshop on Graphics hardware
An Evaluation of Implicit Surface Tilers
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
A Model for Volume Lighting and Modeling
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Hardware-Accelerated Reconstruction of Polygonal Isosurface Representations on Unstructured Grids
PG '04 Proceedings of the Computer Graphics and Applications, 12th Pacific Conference
Accelerating marching cubes with graphics hardware
CASCON '06 Proceedings of the 2006 conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative research
VISSYM'04 Proceedings of the Sixth Joint Eurographics - IEEE TCVG conference on Visualization
Interactive water streams with sphere scan conversion
Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
Efficient isosurface extraction using marching tetrahedra and histogram pyramids on multiple GPUs
PPAM'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics - Volume Part II
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Interactive visual analysis of a patient's anatomy by means of computer-generated 3D imagery is crucial for diagnosis, pre-operative planning, and surgical training. The task of visualization is no longer limited to producing images at interactive rates, but also includes the guided extraction of significant features to assist the user in the data exploration process. An effective visualization module has to perform a problem-specific abstraction of the dataset, leading to a more compact and hence more efficient visual representation. Moreover, many medical applications, such as surgical training simulators and pre-operative planning for plastic and reconstructive surgery, require the visualization of datasets that are dynamically modified or even generated by a physics-based simulation engine. In this paper we present a set of approaches that allow interactive exploration of medical datasets in real time. Our method combines direct volume rendering via ray-casting with a novel approach for isosurface extraction and re-use directly on graphics processing units (GPUs) in a single framework. The isosurface extraction technique takes advantage of the recently introduced Microsoft DirectX^(R)10 pipeline for dynamic surface extraction in real time using geometry shaders. This surface is constructed in polygonal form and can be directly used post-extraction for collision detection, rendering, and optimization. The resulting polygonal surface can also be analyzed for geometric properties, such as feature area, volume and size deviation, which is crucial for semi-automatic tumor analysis as used, for example, in colonoscopy. Additionally, we have developed a technique for real-time volume data analysis by providing an interactive user interface for designing material properties for organs in the scanned volume. Combining isosurface with direct volume rendering allows visualization of the surface properties as well as the context of tissues surrounding the region and gives better context for navigation. Our application can be used with CT and MRI scan data, or with a variety of other medical and scientific applications. The techniques we present are general and intuitive to implement and can be used for many other interactive environments and effects, separately or together.