Message Ferrying: Proactive Routing in Highly-Partitioned Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
FTDCS '03 Proceedings of the The Ninth IEEE Workshop on Future Trends of Distributed Computing Systems
Intelligent fluid infrastructure for embedded networks
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
RTSS '04 Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Using mobile relays to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Z-MAC: a hybrid MAC for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Data collection, storage, and retrieval with an underwater sensor network
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Data harvesting with mobile elements in wireless sensor networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
SenCar: An Energy-Efficient Data Gathering Mechanism for Large-Scale Multihop Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Rendezvous Planning in Mobility-Assisted Wireless Sensor Networks
RTSS '07 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Using predictable observer mobility for power efficient design of sensor networks
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
SenCar: an energy efficient data gathering mechanism for large scale multihop sensor networks
DCOSS'06 Proceedings of the Second IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Multiple controlled mobile elements (data mules) for data collection in sensor networks
DCOSS'05 Proceedings of the First IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Racetrack: an approximation algorithm for the mobile sink routing problem
ADHOC-NOW'10 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Ad-hoc, mobile and wireless networks
In-network coding for resilient sensor data storage and efficient data mule collection
ALGOSENSORS'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Algorithms for sensor systems, wireless adhoc networks, and autonomous mobile entities
Path Planning of Data Mules in Sensor Networks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Elements: A Survey
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Stability analysis of multi-hop routing in sensor networks with mobile sinks
ICDCN'10 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Distributed computing and networking
A sensor data collection method for rounding sink
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Uniquitous Information Management and Communication
Analyzing multi-hop routing feasibility for sensor data harvesting using mobile sinks
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
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Unlike traditional multihop forwarding among homogeneous static sensor nodes, use of mobile devices for data collection in wireless sensor networks has recently been gathering more attention. It is known that the use of mobility significantly reduces the energy consumption at each sensor, elongating the functional lifetime of the network, in exchange for increased data delivery latency. However, in previous work, mobility and communication capabilities are often underutilized, resulting in suboptimal solutions incurring unnecessarily large latency. In this paper, we focus on the problem of finding an optimal path of a mobile device, which we call "data mule," to achieve the smallest data delivery latency in the case of minimum energy consumption at each sensor, i.e., each sensor only sends its data directly to the data mule. We formally define the path selection problem and show the problem is $\mathcal{NP}$-hard. Then we present an approximation algorithm and analyze its approximation factor. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our approximation algorithm successfully finds the paths that result in 10%-50% shorter latency compared to previously proposed methods, suggesting that controlled mobility can be exploited much more effectively.