Hierarchical Chamfer Matching: A Parametric Edge Matching Algorithm
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
On-Line and Off-Line Handwriting Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A handwriting-based equation editor
Proceedings of the 1999 conference on Graphics interface '99
Shape Matching and Object Recognition Using Shape Contexts
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
PenCalc: A Novel Application of On-Line Mathematical Expression Recognition Technology
ICDAR '01 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Sketch based interfaces: early processing for sketch understanding
Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Perceptive user interfaces
MathPad2: a system for the creation and exploration of mathematical sketches
ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Parametric correspondence and chamfer matching: two new techniques for image matching
IJCAI'77 Proceedings of the 5th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Shape context and chamfer matching in cluttered scenes
CVPR'03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE computer society conference on Computer vision and pattern recognition
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We propose a powerful shape representation to recognize sketches drawn on a pen-based input device. The proposed method is robust to the sketching order by using the combination of distance map and direction histogram. A distance map created after normalizing a freehand sketch represents a spatial feature of shape regardless of the writing order. Moreover, a distance map which acts a spatial feature is more robust to shape variation than chamfer distance. Direction histogram is also able to extract a directional feature unrelated to the drawing order by using the alignment of the spatial location between two neighboring points of the stroke. The combination of these two features represents rich information to recognize an input sketch. The experiment result demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method more than previous works. It shows 96% recognition performance for the experimental database, which consists of 28 freehand sketches and 10 on-line handwritten digits.