Designing for usability: key principles and what designers think
Communications of the ACM
A field study of the software design process for large systems
Communications of the ACM
Information technology and organisational change
Information technology and organisational change
Designing interaction
A reappraisal of structured analysis: design in an organizational context
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Communications of the ACM - Special issue Participatory Design
Inside a software design team: knowledge acquisition, sharing, and integration
Communications of the ACM
People, Organizations, and Process Improvement
IEEE Software
The mythical man-month (anniversary ed.)
The mythical man-month (anniversary ed.)
Communications of the ACM
Collaborative conceptual design: a large software project case study
Computer Supported Cooperative Work - Special issue on studies of cooperative design
Evaluating opportunities for design capture
Design rationale
Contextual design: defining customer-centered systems
Contextual design: defining customer-centered systems
Why don’t they practice what we preach?
Annals of Software Engineering - Special issue on software engineering education
Thinking objectively: software engineering in the small
Communications of the ACM
Trouble with Computers: Usefulness, Usability, and Productivity
Trouble with Computers: Usefulness, Usability, and Productivity
Usability Engineering
Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems
Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems
Expertise browser: a quantitative approach to identifying expertise
Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Software Engineering
Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People
Annals of Software Engineering
Software Risk Management: Principles and Practices
IEEE Software
Making use of scenarios: a field study of conceptual design
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Small-Scale Classification Schemes: A Field Study of Requirements Engineering
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Controlling Software Projects: Management, Measurement, and Estimates
Controlling Software Projects: Management, Measurement, and Estimates
Identifying Software Project Risks: An International Delphi Study
Journal of Management Information Systems
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Software design is a complex undertaking. This study delineates and analyses three major constituents of this complexity: the formative element entailed in articulating and reaching closure on a design, the progress imperative entailed in making estimates and tracking status, and the collaboration challenge entailed in learning within and across projects. Empirical data from two small to medium-size projects illustrate how practicing software designers struggle with the complexity induced by these constituents and suggest implications for user-centred design. These implications concern collaborative grounding, long-loop learning, and the need for a more managed design process while acknowledging that methods are not an alternative to the project knowledge created, negotiated, and refined by designers. Specifically, insufficient collaborative grounding will cause project knowledge to gradually disintegrate, but the activities required to avoid this may be costly in terms of scarce resources such as the time of key designers.