Information using likeness measures
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
Knowledge representation: logical, philosophical and computational foundations
Knowledge representation: logical, philosophical and computational foundations
A relational model of data for large shared data banks
Communications of the ACM
Information, Randomness and Incompleteness
Information, Randomness and Incompleteness
Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence
Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence
Human Problem Solving
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Fundamental forms of information: Research Articles
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
The wisdom hierarchy: representations of the DIKW hierarchy
Journal of Information Science
Managing the knowledge creation process of large-scale evaluation campaigns
ECDL'09 Proceedings of the 13th European conference on Research and advanced technology for digital libraries
Knowledge management: An information science perspective
International Journal of Information Management: The Journal for Information Professionals
Personal knowledge and information management - conception and exemplification
Journal of Information Science
International Journal of Knowledge Management
The Evolution of Management Information Systems: A Literature Review
Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science
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The paper evaluates the data - information - knowledge - wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy. This hierarchy, also known as the `knowledge hierarchy', is part of the canon of information science and management. Arguments are offered that the hierarchy is unsound and methodologically undesirable. The paper identifies a central logical error that DIKW makes. The paper also identifies the dated and unsatisfactory philosophical positions of operationalism and inductivism as the philosophical backdrop to the hierarchy. The paper concludes with a sketch of some positive theories, of value to information science, on the nature of the components of the hierarchy: that data is anything recordable in a semantically and pragmatically sound way, that information is what is known in other literature as `weak knowledge', that knowledge also is `weak knowledge' and that wisdom is the possession and use, if required, of wide practical knowledge, by an agent who appreciates the fallible nature of that knowledge.