An experiment with inline substitution
Software—Practice & Experience
Compiling with continuations
Whole-program optimization for time and space efficient threads
Proceedings of the seventh international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Cache-conscious structure definition
Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1999 conference on Programming language design and implementation
Static checking of interrupt-driven software
ICSE '01 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering
Inter-task register-allocation for static operating systems
Proceedings of the joint conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems: software and compilers for embedded systems
Art of Designing Embedded Systems
Art of Designing Embedded Systems
Data remapping for design space optimization of embedded memory systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
CIL: Intermediate Language and Tools for Analysis and Transformation of C Programs
CC '02 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Compiler Construction
Data size optimizations for java programs
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Language, compiler, and tool for embedded systems
The nesC language: A holistic approach to networked embedded systems
PLDI '03 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2003 conference on Programming language design and implementation
RTAS '99 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE Real-Time Technology and Applications Symposium
Memory overflow protection for embedded systems using run-time checks, reuse and compression
Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems
System-wide compaction and specialization of the linux kernel
LCTES '05 Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
CODES+ISSS '05 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
MTSS: multi task stack sharing for embedded systems
Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Compilers, architectures and synthesis for embedded systems
Proceedings of the 12th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Transparent pointer compression for linked data structures
Proceedings of the 2005 workshop on Memory system performance
Avrora: scalable sensor network simulation with precise timing
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Compressing heap data for improved memory performance: Research Articles
Software—Practice & Experience
Virgil: objects on the head of a pin
Proceedings of the 21st annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications
CASES '06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems
Abstractions for safe concurrent programming in networked embedded systems
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Offline compression for on-chip ram
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation
Code injection attacks on harvard-architecture devices
Proceedings of the 15th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
On the difficulty of software-based attestation of embedded devices
Proceedings of the 16th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Defending embedded systems against control flow attacks
Proceedings of the first ACM workshop on Secure execution of untrusted code
Defeating return-oriented rootkits with "Return-Less" kernels
Proceedings of the 5th European conference on Computer systems
Interval analysis of microcontroller code using abstract interpretation of hardware and software
Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Software & Compilers for Embedded Systems
Rethinking Java call stack design for tiny embedded devices
Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, Tools and Theory for Embedded Systems
Minimizing code size via page selection optimization on partitioned memory architectures
Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Compilers, Architectures and Synthesis for Embedded Systems
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Most programming languages support a call stack in the programming model and also in the runtime system.We show that for applications targeting low-power embedded microcontrollers (MCUs), RAM usage can be significantly decreased by partially or completely eliminating the runtime callstack. We present flattening, a transformation that absorbs a function into its caller, replacing function invocations and returns with jumps. Unlike inlining, flattening does not duplicate the bodies of functions that have multiple callsites. Applied aggressively, flattening results in stack elimination. Flattening is most useful in conjunction with a lifting transformation that moves global variables into a local scope. Flattening and lifting can save RAM. However, even more benefit can be obtained by adapting the compiler to cope with properties of flattened code. First, we show that flattening adds false paths that confuse a standard live variables analysis. The resulting problems can be mitigated by breaking spurious live-range conflicts between variables using information from the unflattened callgraph. Second, we show that the impact of high register pressure due to flattened and lifted code, and consequent spills out of the register allocator, can be mitigated by improving a compiler's stack layout optimizations. We have implemented both of these improvements in GCC, and have implemented flattening and lifting as source-to-source transformations. On a collection of applications for the AVR family of 8-bit MCUs, we show that total RAM usage can be reduced by 20% by compiling flattened and lifted programs with our improved GCC.