Offline handwritten Arabic cursive text recognition using Hidden Markov Models and re-ranking
Pattern Recognition Letters
Proceedings of the 2011 Workshop on Historical Document Imaging and Processing
Arabic handwriting recognition using structural and syntactic pattern attributes
Pattern Recognition
Dynamic Time Warping for Chinese calligraphic character matching and recognizing
Pattern Recognition Letters
Offline arabic handwritten text recognition: A Survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Evaluation Approach of Arabic Character Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision and Image Processing
KHATT: An open Arabic offline handwritten text database
Pattern Recognition
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The problem addressed in this study is the offline recognition of handwritten Arabic city names. The names are assumed to belong to a fixed lexicon of about 1,000 entries. A state-of-the-art classical right-left hidden Markov model (HMM)-based recognizer (reference system) using the sliding window approach is developed. The feature set includes both baseline-independent and baseline-dependent features. The analysis of the errors made by the recognizer shows that the inclination, overlap, and shifted positions of diacritical marks are major sources of errors. In this paper, we propose coping with these problems. Our approach relies on the combination of three homogeneous HMM-based classifiers. All classifiers have the same topology as the reference system and differ only in the orientation of the sliding window. We compare three combination schemes of these classifiers at the decision level. Our reported results on the benchmark IFN/ENIT database of Arabic Tunisian city names give a recognition rate higher than 90 percent accuracy and demonstrate the superiority of the neural network-based combination. Our results also show that the combination of classifiers performs better than a single classifier dealing with slant-corrected images and that the approach is robust for a wide range of orientation angles.