An Omnifont Open-Vocabulary OCR System for English and Arabic
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A fast parallel algorithm for thinning digital patterns
Communications of the ACM
The Role of Holistic Paradigms in Handwritten Word Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognising handwritten Arabic manuscripts using a single hidden Markov model
Pattern Recognition Letters
HMM Based Approach for Handwritten Arabic Word Recognition Using the IFN/ENIT- Database
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 2
Arabic Handwriting Recognition Competition
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Arabic Handwriting Recognition Using Baseline Dependant Features and Hidden Markov Modeling
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Offline Arabic Handwriting Recognition: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
HMMs with Explicit State Duration Applied to Handwritten Arabic Word Recognition
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 02
Offline recognition of omnifont Arabic text using the HMM ToolKit (HTK)
Pattern Recognition Letters
Recognition of Broken Characters from Historical Printed Books Using Dynamic Bayesian Networks
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 01
Combination of HMM-Based Classifiers for the Recognition of Arabic Handwritten Words
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
Pattern Recognition Letters
Recognition of degraded characters using dynamic Bayesian networks
Pattern Recognition
ITNG '08 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations
Recognition of off-line printed Arabic text using Hidden Markov Models
Signal Processing
Combining Slanted-Frame Classifiers for Improved HMM-Based Arabic Handwriting Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Learning Bayesian networks to perform feature selection
IJCNN'09 Proceedings of the 2009 international joint conference on Neural Networks
Mono-font cursive arabic text recognition using speech recognition system
SSPR'06/SPR'06 Proceedings of the 2006 joint IAPR international conference on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Automatic Meeting Segmentation Using Dynamic Bayesian Networks
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
A new automatic identification system of insect images at the order level
Knowledge-Based Systems
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This paper presents a comparative study of two machine learning techniques for recognizing handwritten Arabic words, where hidden Markov models (HMMs) and dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) were evaluated. The work proposed is divided into three stages, namely preprocessing, feature extraction and classification. Preprocessing includes baseline estimation and normalization as well as segmentation. In the second stage, features are extracted from each of the normalized words, where a set of new features for handwritten Arabic words is proposed, based on a sliding window approach moving across the mirrored word image. The third stage is for classification and recognition, where machine learning is applied using HMMs and DBNs. In order to validate the techniques, extensive experiments were conducted using the IFN/ENIT database which contains 32,492 Arabic words. Experimental results and quantitative evaluations showed that HMM outperforms DBN in terms of higher recognition rate and lower complexity.