Survey and bibliography of Arabic optical text recognition
Signal Processing
An Omnifont Open-Vocabulary OCR System for English and Arabic
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Omnifont and Unlimited-Vocabulary OCR for English and Arabic
ICDAR '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Segmentation of Arabic Cursive Script
ICDAR '97 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
A new approach for Latin/Arabic character segmentation
ICDAR '95 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (Volume 2) - Volume 2
Recognition of English and Arabic Numerals Using a Dynamic Number of Hidden Neurons
ICDAR '99 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
ICIP '95 Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on Image Processing (Vol. 3)-Volume 3 - Volume 3
Segmentation and Coding of Arabic Handwritten Words
ICPR '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR '96) Volume III-Volume 7276 - Volume 7276
Recognition of Off-Line Handwritten Arabic Words Using Hidden Markov Model Approach
ICPR '02 Proceedings of the 16 th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'02) Volume 3 - Volume 3
Baseline Estimation For Arabic Handwritten Words
IWFHR '02 Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR'02)
Off-Line Handwritten Arabic Character Segmentation Algorithm: ACSA
IWFHR '02 Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR'02)
A Data Base for Arabic Handwritten Text Recognition Research
IWFHR '02 Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (IWFHR'02)
Off-Line Recognition of Isolated Persian Handwritten Characters Using Multiple Hidden Markov Models
ITCC '01 Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing
Recognising handwritten Arabic manuscripts using a single hidden Markov model
Pattern Recognition Letters
HMM Based Approach for Handwritten Arabic Word Recognition Using the IFN/ENIT- Database
ICDAR '03 Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 2
Towards Automatic Transcription of Syriac Handwriting
ICIAP '03 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Pattern Recognition Letters
Offline Recognition of Unconstrained Handwritten Texts Using HMMs and Statistical Language Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Printed arabic character recognition using HMM
Journal of Computer Science and Technology
N-Gram Language Models for Offline Handwritten Text Recognition
IWFHR '04 Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition
Structural Decomposition and Statistical Description of Farsi/Arabic Handwritten Numeric Characters
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Pre-processing Methods for Handwritten Arabic Documents
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Segmentation and Pre-Recognition of Arabic Handwriting
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Arabic Handwriting Recognition Using Baseline Dependant Features and Hidden Markov Modeling
ICDAR '05 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Multi-Queue Merging Scheme And Its Application in Arabic Script Segmentation
DIAL '06 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Document Image Analysis for Libraries
Offline Arabic Handwriting Recognition: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognition of Off-Line Handwritten Arabic Words Using Neural Network
GMAI '06 Proceedings of the conference on Geometric Modeling and Imaging: New Trends
HMMs with Explicit State Duration Applied to Handwritten Arabic Word Recognition
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 02
Directional features in online handwriting recognition
Pattern Recognition
Introducing a very large dataset of handwritten Farsi digits and a study on their varieties
Pattern Recognition Letters
Offline recognition of omnifont Arabic text using the HMM ToolKit (HTK)
Pattern Recognition Letters
On Skew Estimation and Correction of Text
CGIV '07 Proceedings of the Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualisation
Strategies for Large Handwritten Farsi/Arabic Lexicon Reduction
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 01
Arabic Handwriting Recognition Using Variable Duration HMM
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
Combination of HMM-Based Classifiers for the Recognition of Arabic Handwritten Words
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
Shape-Based Alphabet for Off-line Arabic Handwriting Recognition
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
An improvement over template matching using K-means algorithm for printed cursive script recognition
SPPR'07 Proceedings of the Fourth conference on IASTED International Conference: Signal Processing, Pattern Recognition, and Applications
On-line handwritten digit recognition based on trajectory and velocity modeling
Pattern Recognition Letters
Lexicon reduction using dots for off-line Farsi/Arabic handwritten word recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Persian/arabic handwritten word recognition using M-band packet wavelet transform
Image and Vision Computing
A hybrid approach for multifont Arabic characters recognition
AIKED'06 Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge Engineering and Data Bases
A new algorithm for Arabic optical character recognition
AIKED'06 Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge Engineering and Data Bases
Pattern Recognition Letters
ITNG '08 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations
Recognition of off-line printed Arabic text using Hidden Markov Models
Signal Processing
Arabic Handwritten Characters Classification Using Learning Vector Quantization Algorithm
ICISP '08 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Image and Signal Processing
A Gibbsian Kohonen Network for Online Arabic Character Recognition
ISVC '08 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing, Part II
Arabic handwritten digit recognition
International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition
On-line Arabic handwriting recognition system based on visual encoding and genetic algorithm
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Region growing based segmentation algorithm for typewritten and handwritten text recognition
Applied Soft Computing
ICAPR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Seventh International Conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition
Combining Slanted-Frame Classifiers for Improved HMM-Based Arabic Handwriting Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Invariant Features from the Trace Transform for Jawi Character Recognition
IWANN '09 Proceedings of the 10th International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks: Part II: Distributed Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Bioinformatics, Soft Computing, and Ambient Assisted Living
Duration Models for Arabic Text Recognition Using Hidden Markov Models
CIMCA '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling Control & Automation
On-line Arabic handwriting recognition with templates
Pattern Recognition
A New Approach for Segmentation and Recognition of Arabic Handwritten Touching Numeral Pairs
CAIP '09 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns
Semitic '04 Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Approaches to Arabic Script-based Languages
Stochastic Segment Modeling for Offline Handwriting Recognition
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Affixal Approach versus Analytical Approach for Off-Line Arabic Decomposable Vocabulary Recognition
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Invariant Primitives for Handwritten Arabic Script: A Contrastive Study of Four Feature Sets
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
A Steerable Directional Local Profile Technique for Extraction of Handwritten Arabic Text Lines
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
How to Improve a Handwriting Recognition System
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
A Multi-Lingual Recognition System for Arabic and Latin Handwriting
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Improvements in BBN's HMM-Based Offline Arabic Handwriting Recognition System
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
New Algorithm of Straight or Curved Baseline Detection for Short Arabic Handwritten Writing
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Segmentation of Arabic Handwriting Based on both Contour and Skeleton Segmentation
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
FHT: An Unconstraint Farsi Handwritten Text Database
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Hierarchical On-line Arabic Handwriting Recognition
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Arabic Handwriting Recognition Using Restored Stroke Chronology
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
A New Arabic Printed Text Image Database and Evaluation Protocols
ICDAR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
Off-line handwritten word recognition using multi-stream hidden Markov models
Pattern Recognition Letters
Non-uniform slant estimation and correction for Farsi/Arabic handwritten words
International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition
Classifiers combination and syntax analysis for Arabic literal amount recognition
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
New features using fractal multi-dimensions for generalized Arabic font recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Handwritten Arabic character recognition using multiple classifiers based on letter form
SPPRA '08 Proceedings of the Fifth IASTED International Conference on Signal Processing, Pattern Recognition and Applications
HMM-based system for recognizing words in historical Arabic manuscript
International Journal of Robotics and Automation
Visual recognition of Arabic handwriting: challenges and new directions
SACH'06 Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Arabic and Chinese handwriting recognition
Versatile search of scanned Arabic handwriting
SACH'06 Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Arabic and Chinese handwriting recognition
Databases and competitions: strategies to improve Arabic recognition systems
SACH'06 Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Arabic and Chinese handwriting recognition
Segmentation-driven offline handwritten Chinese and Arabic script recognition
SACH'06 Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Arabic and Chinese handwriting recognition
SACH'06 Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Arabic and Chinese handwriting recognition
Gabor features for offline Arabic handwriting recognition
DAS '10 Proceedings of the 9th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems
Handwritten Arabic text line segmentation using affinity propagation
DAS '10 Proceedings of the 9th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems
The use of radon transform in handwritten Arabic (Indian) numerals recognition
WSEAS Transactions on Computers
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
A Novel Lexicon Reduction Method for Arabic Handwriting Recognition
ICPR '10 Proceedings of the 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition
Recognition of Arabic (Indian) bank check digits using log-gabor filters
Applied Intelligence
Mono-font cursive arabic text recognition using speech recognition system
SSPR'06/SPR'06 Proceedings of the 2006 joint IAPR international conference on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Using diversity in classifier set selection for arabic handwritten recognition
MCS'10 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multiple Classifier Systems
Offline handwritten arabic character segmentation with probabilistic model
DAS'06 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Document Analysis Systems
Arabic handwriting recognition using structural and syntactic pattern attributes
Pattern Recognition
KHATT: An open Arabic offline handwritten text database
Pattern Recognition
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Research in offline Arabic handwriting recognition has increased considerably in the past few years. This is evident from the numerous research results published recently in major journals and conferences in the area of handwriting recognition. Features and classifications techniques utilized in recent research work have diversified noticeably compared to the past. Moreover, more efforts have been diverted, in last few years, to construct different databases for Arabic handwriting recognition. This article provides a comprehensive survey of recent developments in Arabic handwriting recognition. The article starts with a summary of the characteristics of Arabic text, followed by a general model for an Arabic text recognition system. Then the used databases for Arabic text recognition are discussed. Research works on preprocessing phase, like text representation, baseline detection, line, word, character, and subcharacter segmentation algorithms, are presented. Different feature extraction techniques used in Arabic handwriting recognition are identified and discussed. Different classification approaches, like HMM, ANN, SVM, k-NN, syntactical methods, etc., are discussed in the context of Arabic handwriting recognition. Works on Arabic lexicon construction and spell checking are presented in the postprocessing phase. Several summary tables of published research work are provided for used Arabic text databases and reported results on Arabic character, word, numerals, and text recognition. These tables summarize the features, classifiers, data, and reported recognition accuracy for each technique. Finally, we discuss some future research directions in Arabic handwriting recognition.