Adaptive hybrid clock discipline algorithm for the network time protocol
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Time synchronization in ad hoc networks
MobiHoc '01 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Optimizing Sensor Networks in the Energy-Latency-Density Design Space
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Asymptotically optimal time synchronization in dense sensor networks
WSNA '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Lightweight time synchronization for sensor networks
WSNA '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
TSync: a lightweight bidirectional time synchronization service for wireless sensor networks
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review - Special issue on wireless pan & sensor networks
Adaptive clock synchronization in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
WiseMAC: an ultra low power MAC protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks
ISCC '04 Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Computers and Communications 2004 Volume 2 (ISCC"04) - Volume 02
DPLC: dynamic packet length control in wireless sensor networks
INFOCOM'10 Proceedings of the 29th conference on Information communications
Review: A survey on cross-layer solutions for wireless sensor networks
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
WASA'11 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Wireless algorithms, systems, and applications
FLIGHT: clock calibration using fluorescent lighting
Proceedings of the 18th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Resilient estimation of synchronisation uncertainty through software clocks
International Journal of Critical Computer-Based Systems
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Radio duty cycling has received significant attention in sensor networking literature, particularly in the form of protocols for medium access control and topology management. While many protocols have claimed to achieve significant duty-cycling benefits in theory and simulation, these benefits have often not translated into practice. The dominant factor that prevents the optimal usage of the radio in real deployment settings is time uncertainty between sensor nodes which results in overhead in the form of long packet preambles, guard bands, and excessive control packets for synchronization. This paper proposes an uncertainty-driven approach to duty-cycling, where a model of long-term clock drift is used to minimize the duty-cycling overhead. First, we use long-term empirical measurements to evaluate and analyze in-depth the interplay between three key parameters that influence long-term synchronization: synchronization rate, history of past synchronization beacons, and the estimation scheme. Second, we use this measurement-based study to design a rate-adaptive, energy-efficient long-term time synchronization algorithm that can adapt to changing clock drift and environmental conditions, while achieving application-specific precision with very high probability. Finally, we integrate our uncertainty-driven time synchronization scheme with the BMAC medium access control protocol, and demonstrate one to two orders of magnitude reduction in transmission energy consumption with negligible impact on packet loss rate.