Wireless sensor networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts
OSDI '02 Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementationCopyright restrictions prevent ACM from being able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading
Time-diffusion synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Firefly-inspired Heartbeat Synchronization in Overlay Networks
SASO '07 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems
An experimental evaluation of black burst transmissions
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international workshop on Mobility management and wireless access
MacZ - A Quality-of-Service MAC Layer for Ad-hoc Networks
HIS '07 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing
Estimating clock uncertainty for efficient duty-cycling in sensor networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Gradient clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks
IPSN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
Optimal clock synchronization in networks
Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
Quality-of-service in ad hoc carrier sense multiple access wireless networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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In this paper, we present Black Burst Synchronization (BBS), a modular protocol for multi-hop tick and time synchronization in wireless ad hoc networks, located at MAC level. For the successful operation of BBS, it is crucial that collisions of synchronization messages that are sent (almost) simultaneously by two or more nodes are non-destructive. This is achieved by collision-protected bit encodings with black bursts, periods of transmission energy of defined length on the medium, starting at determined points in time. Under reasonable assumptions, BBS provides low and bounded tick and clock offsets, guarantees a very small and constant convergence delay, has low and bounded complexity regarding computation, storage, time, and structure, and is robust against topology changes at runtime. This makes it a candidate for user level applications such as data fusion and networked control systems, and especially for system level tasks such as duty cycling and multi-hop medium slotting. To validate its predicted behavior, we have implemented and deployed BBS on MICAz motes.