An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus
CHI '88 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User learning and performance with marking menus
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
FlowMenu: combining command, text, and data entry
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
MathPad2: a system for the creation and exploration of mathematical sketches
ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Papers
Hover widgets: using the tracking state to extend the capabilities of pen-operated devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GestureBar: improving the approachability of gesture-based interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Handle Flags: efficient and flexible selections for inking applications
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009
Just DrawIt: a 3D sketching system
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
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We present Shadow Buttons, an approach to placing WIMP interface elements into gestural and sketch-based interfaces. Utilizing the hover state, supported by pen-based devices such as Tablet PCs, we provide users with important WIMP-based functionality by invoking widgets only when the stylus hovers over "shadow" regions. In this way, every pixel of the display, including the shadows, can be drawn on. By interacting with a shadow region while in the hover state, users can temporarily display and interact with familiar WIMP elements. We explore the Shadow Button design space as it relates to handwritten mathematical expressions and also present an informal evaluation of our technique, examining various Shadow Button parameters including button size, placement, and method of invocation. Preliminary results indicate that users prefer utilizing the hover state over tapping on the Shadow Button and in general, prefer interface elements to be as close to the ink as possible. In addition, the distance between the shadow region and the menu was found to be the most important factor in Shadow Button usability.