Artificial intelligence: the very idea
Artificial intelligence: the very idea
Synonymy and semantic classification
Synonymy and semantic classification
BASEBALL: an automatic question answerer
Readings in natural language processing
A statistical approach to machine translation
Computational Linguistics
SIGIR '90 Proceedings of the 13th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Recursive distributed representations
Artificial Intelligence - On connectionist symbol processing
Pathfinder associative networks: studies in knowledge organization
Pathfinder associative networks: studies in knowledge organization
Retrieval performance in Ferret a conceptual information retrieval system
SIGIR '91 Proceedings of the 14th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Bayesian inductive logic programming
COLT '94 Proceedings of the seventh annual conference on Computational learning theory
Some advances in transformation-based part of speech tagging
AAAI '94 Proceedings of the twelfth national conference on Artificial intelligence (vol. 1)
Deterministic part-of-speech tagging with finite-state transducers
Computational Linguistics
Formal ontology, common sense and cognitive science
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: the role of formal ontology in the information technology
CYC: a large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure
Communications of the ACM
WordNet: a lexical database for English
Communications of the ACM
Electric words: dictionaries, computers, and meanings
Electric words: dictionaries, computers, and meanings
SGML: the reason why and the first published hint
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special topic issue on structured information/standards for document architectures
Resolving ambiguity for cross-language retrieval
Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
A language modeling approach to information retrieval
Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Information retrieval as statistical translation
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Information retrieval and artificial intelligence
Artificial Intelligence - Special issue on applications of artificial intelligence
Improving cross language retrieval with triangulated translation
Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Conceptual analysis of lexical taxonomies: the case of WordNet top-level
Proceedings of the international conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems - Volume 2001
Natural Language Information Processing: A Computer Grammmar of English and Its Applications
Natural Language Information Processing: A Computer Grammmar of English and Its Applications
Understanding Natural Language
Understanding Natural Language
Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project
Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project
Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design
Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design
Information Extraction: Techniques and Challenges
SCIE '97 International Summer School on Information Extraction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Information Technology
Combining Weak Knowledge Sources for Sense Disambiguation
IJCAI '99 Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Pragmatics of Specialist Terms: The Acquisition and Representation of Terminology
Proceedings of the Third International EAMT Workshop on Machine Translation and the Lexicon
Three theses of representation in the semantic web
WWW '03 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web
Reviewing the design of DAML+OIL: an ontology language for the semantic web
Eighteenth national conference on Artificial intelligence
Proceedings of the fourteenth ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia
The process of question answering.
The process of question answering.
Language Modeling for Information Retrieval
Language Modeling for Information Retrieval
Computation of the probability of initial substring generation by stochastic context-free grammars
Computational Linguistics
Nymble: a high-performance learning name-finder
ANLC '97 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing
Preference semantics, ill-formedness, and metaphor
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on ill-formed input
Dialogue act tagging with Transformation-Based Learning
COLING '98 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Exploiting syntactic structure for language modeling
COLING '98 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
ACL '85 Proceedings of the 23rd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Unsupervised word sense disambiguation rivaling supervised methods
ACL '95 Proceedings of the 33rd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
A statistical approach to language translation
COLING '88 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Two types of adaptive MT environments
COLING '94 Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
CLAWS4: the tagging of the British National Corpus
COLING '94 Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Word-sense disambiguation using statistical models of Roget's categories trained on large corpora
COLING '92 Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Automatic acquisition of hyponyms from large text corpora
COLING '92 Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Acquisition of selectional patterns
COLING '92 Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
A self-learning universal concept spotter
COLING '96 Proceedings of the 16th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
What's new about the Semantic Web?: some questions
ACM SIGIR Forum
Gene name identification and normalization using a model organism database
Journal of Biomedical Informatics - Special issue: Named entity recognition in biomedicine
Mining web sites using adaptive information extraction
EACL '03 Proceedings of the tenth conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 2
SOAT: a semi-automatic domain ontology acquisition tool from Chinese corpus
COLING '02 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
The generic information extraction system
MUC5 '93 Proceedings of the 5th conference on Message understanding
University of Massachusetts: description of the CIRCUS system as used for MUC-4
MUC4 '92 Proceedings of the 4th conference on Message understanding
University of Durham: description of the LOLITA system as used in MUC-6
MUC6 '95 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Message understanding
Validation of terminological inference in an information extraction task
HLT '93 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
Pangloss: a machine translation project
HLT '94 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
Using query term order for result summarisation
Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Unsupervised named-entity extraction from the web: an experimental study
Artificial Intelligence
The Wisdom of Crowds
Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information
Identification of relevant terms to support the construction of domain ontologies
HLTKM '01 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge Management - Volume 2001
Language, Cohesion and Form (Studies in Natural Language Processing)
Language, Cohesion and Form (Studies in Natural Language Processing)
Natural Language Processing and Text Mining
Natural Language Processing and Text Mining
Using OWL to model biological knowledge
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Foundations and Trends in Web Science
Collective knowledge systems: Where the Social Web meets the Semantic Web
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
An Analysis of User Behavior on the Web - Understanding the Web and Its Users
An Analysis of User Behavior on the Web - Understanding the Web and Its Users
Using coreference chains for text summarization
CorefApp '99 Proceedings of the Workshop on Coreference and its Applications
Description logics in ontology applications
KI'05 Proceedings of the 28th annual German conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
On how to perform a gold standard based evaluation of ontology learning
ISWC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on The Semantic Web
A compositional operational semantics for OWL-S
EPEW'05/WS-FM'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on European Performance Engineering, and Web Services and Formal Methods, international conference on Formal Techniques for Computer Systems and Business Processes
Components for information extraction: ontology-based information extractors and generic platforms
CIKM '10 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Learning a taxonomy from a set of text documents
Applied Soft Computing
Datalog relaunched: simulation unification and value invention
Datalog'10 Proceedings of the First international conference on Datalog Reloaded
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The main argument of this paper is that Natural Language Processing (NLP) does, and will continue to, underlie the Semantic Web (SW), including its initial construction from unstructured sources like the World Wide Web (WWW), whether its advocates realise this or not. Chiefly, we argue, such NLP activity is the only way up to a defensible notion of meaning at conceptual levels (in the original SW diagram) based on lower level empirical computations over usage. Our aim is definitely not to claim logic-bad, NLP-good in any simple-minded way, but to argue that the SW will be a fascinating interaction of these two methodologies, again like the WWW (which has been basically a field for statistical NLP research) but with deeper content. Only NLP technologies (and chiefly information extraction) will be able to provide the requisite RDF knowledge stores for the SW from existing unstructured text databases in the WWW, and in the vast quantities needed. There is no alternative at this point, since a wholly or mostly hand-crafted SW is also unthinkable, as is a SW built from scratch and without reference to the WWW. We also assume that, whatever the limitations on current SW representational power we have drawn attention to here, the SW will continue to grow in a distributed manner so as to serve the needs of scientists, even if it is not perfect. The WWW has already shown how an imperfect artefact can become indispensable.