Artificial intelligence: a modern approach
Artificial intelligence: a modern approach
Design of a mathematical expression understanding system
Pattern Recognition Letters
Ambiguity and constraint in mathematical expression recognition
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Recognizing Mathematical Expressions Using Tree Transformation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 2 - Volume 02
Mathematical sketching: a new approach to creating and exploring dynamic illustrations
Mathematical sketching: a new approach to creating and exploring dynamic illustrations
Pattern Recognition, Third Edition
Pattern Recognition, Third Edition
Mathpad: A Fuzzy Logic-Based Recognition System for Handwritten Mathematics
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
A Unified Framework for Symbol Segmentation and Recognition of Handwritten Mathematical Expressions
ICDAR '07 Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition - Volume 02
Pattern Recognition Letters
A method for the structural analysis of two-dimensional mathematical expressions
Information Sciences: an International Journal
A Syntactic Approach for Handwritten Mathematical Formula Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Recognition of online handwritten mathematical expressions
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Syntax-directed recognition of hand-printed two-dimensional mathematics
Symposium on Interactive Systems for Experimental Applied Mathematics: Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery Inc. Symposium
Fuzzy spatial analysis techniques for mathematical expression recognition
ICAISC'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Artificial intelligence and soft computing: Part I
A global learning approach for an online handwritten mathematical expression recognition system
Pattern Recognition Letters
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Problems with local ambiguities in handwritten mathematical expressions (MEs) are often resolved at global level. Therefore, keeping local ambiguities is desirable for high accuracy, with a hope that they may be resolved by later global analyses. We propose a layered search framework for handwritten ME recognition. From given handwritten input strokes, ME structures are expanded by adding symbol hypotheses one by one, representing ambiguities of symbol identities and spatial relationships as numbers of branches in the expansion. We also propose a novel heuristic predicting how likely the set of remaining input strokes forms valid spatial relationships with the current partially interpreted structure. Further complexity reduction is achieved by delaying the symbol identity decision. The elegance of our approach is that the search result would be unchanged even if we prune out unpromising branches of the search. Therefore, we can examine a much larger number of local hypotheses with a limited amount of computing resource in making global level decisions. The experimental evaluation shows promising results of the efficiency of the proposed approach and the performance of our system, which results from the system's capacity to examine a large number of possibilities.