Steganalysis and payload estimation of embedding in pixel differences using neural networks

Authors:
Vajiheh Sabeti;Shadrokh Samavi;Mojtaba Mahdavi;Shahram Shirani
Affiliations:
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran;Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada;Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran;Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
Venue:
Pattern Recognition
Year:
2010

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Abstract

In this paper a steganalysis technique is proposed for pixel-value differencing method. This steganographic method, which is immune against conventional attacks, performs the embedding in the difference of the values of pixel pairs. Therefore, the histogram of the differences of an embedded image is different as compared with a cover image. A number of characteristics are identified in the difference histogram that show meaningful alterations when an image is embedded. Five distinct multilayer perceptrons neural networks are trained to detect different levels of embedding. Every image is fed to all networks and a voting system categorizes the image as stego or cover. The implementation results indicate 88.6% success in correct categorization of the test images that contained more than 20% embedding. Furthermore, using a neural network an estimator is presented which gives an estimate of the amount of the MPVD embedding in an image. Implementation of the estimator showed an average accuracy of 88.3% in the estimation of the amount of embedding.