A keystroke level analysis of a graphics application: manual map digitizing
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
interactions
Comparison of GOMS analysis methods
CHI 98 Cconference Summary on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Predictive human performance modeling made easy
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Method Standards and Work Design: Design Tools 2.0
Method Standards and Work Design: Design Tools 2.0
The growth of cognitive modeling in human-computer interaction since GOMS
Human-Computer Interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
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Task time is a measure of productivity in an interface. Keystroke Level Modeling (KLM) can predict experienced user task time to within 10 to 30% of actual times. One of the biggest constraints to implementing KLM is the tedious aspect of estimating the low-level motor and cognitive actions of the users. The method proposed here combines common actions in applications into high-level operators (composite operators) that represent the average error-free time (e.g. to click on a button, select from a drop-down, type into a text-box). The combined operators dramatically reduce the amount of time and error in building an estimate of productivity. An empirical test of 26 users across two enterprise web-applications found this method to estimate the mean observed time to within 10%. The composite operators lend themselves to use by designers and product developers early in development without the need for different prototyping environments or tedious calculations.