Toolglass and magic lenses: the see-through interface
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Peephole displays: pen interaction on spatially aware handheld computers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Marked-up maps: combining paper maps and electronic information resources
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Navigating on handheld displays: Dynamic versus static peephole navigation
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Map navigation with mobile devices: virtual versus physical movement with and without visual context
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Factors influencing visual attention switch in multi-display user interfaces: a survey
Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Pervasive Displays
Playing it real: magic lens and static peephole interfaces for games in a public space
MobileHCI '12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
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We conducted a user study to investigate the effect of visual context in handheld augmented reality interfaces. A dynamic peephole interface (without visual context beyond the device display) was compared to a magic lens interface (with video see-through augmentation of external visual context). The task was to explore objects on a map and look for a specific attribute shown on the display. We tested different sizes of visual context as well as different numbers of items per area, i.e. different item densities. We found that visual context is most effective for sparse item distributions and the performance benefit decreases with increasing density. User performance in the magic lens case approaches the performance of the dynamic peephole case the more densely spaced the items are. In all conditions, subjective feedback indicates that participants generally prefer visual context over the lack thereof. The insights gained from this study are relevant for designers of mobile AR and dynamic peephole interfaces by suggesting when external visual context is most beneficial.