Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition
On Interfaces for Mobile Information Retrieval
Mobile HCI '02 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction
KSPC (Keystrokes per Character) as a Characteristic of Text Entry Techniques
Mobile HCI '02 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction
FAQ finder: a case-based approach to knowledge navigation
CAIA '95 Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Applications
Exploiting syntactic structure for natural language modeling
Exploiting syntactic structure for natural language modeling
AnswerBus question answering system
HLT '02 Proceedings of the second international conference on Human Language Technology Research
On Interfaces for Mobile Information Retrieval
Mobile HCI '02 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction
A speech interface for open-domain question-answering
ACL '03 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - Volume 2
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Natural-language question-answering is a promising interface for retrieving information in mobile contexts because it by-passes the problem of presenting documents and interim search results on a small screen. This paper considers language-models suitable for rapid predictive text-input and spoken input of natural-language questions. It describes a varied corpus of fact-seeking questions posed by users online and analyzes its structure. We find it to be highly constrained lexically despite its wide spectrum of topics, with a per-word perplexity less than 47 with around 2.6% of words in the test set out-of-vocabulary. One implication is that predictive interfaces can greatly speed up the input of natural-language questions with a keypad or stylus. Another is that automatic speech-recognition of such questions can be quite accurate.