Dialing for documents: an experiment in information theory
UIST '94 Proceedings of the 7th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Predicting text entry speed on mobile phones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The metropolis keyboard - an exploration of quantitative techniques for virtual keyboard design
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
LetterWise: prefix-based disambiguation for mobile text input
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Methods and modeling: fiction or useful reality?
CHI '01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ECSCW'01 Proceedings of the seventh conference on European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Mobile text entry using three keys
Proceedings of the second Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
Metrics for text entry research: an evaluation of MSD and KSPC, and a new unified error metric
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluation of thumbwheel text entry methods
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
EdgeWrite: a stylus-based text entry method designed for high accuracy and stability of motion
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
TiltText: using tilt for text input to mobile phones
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A comparison of consecutive and concurrent input text entry techniques for mobile phones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Model for non-expert text entry speed on 12-button phone keypads
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Twiddler typing: one-handed chording text entry for mobile phones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Recent developments in text-entry error rate measurement
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Writing with a joystick: a comparison of date stamp, selection keyboard, and EdgeWrite
GI '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Graphics Interface Conference
A comparison of two input methods for keypads on mobile devices
Proceedings of the third Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
Evaluating mobile text entry strategies with finite state automata
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices & services
Text input disambiguation supported on a hierarchical user model
Proceedings of the 2005 joint conference on Smart objects and ambient intelligence: innovative context-aware services: usages and technologies
Few-key text entry revisited: mnemonic gestures on four keys
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Glyph 2: une saisie de texte avec deux appuis de touche par caractère - principes et comparaisons
IHM '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conferenceof the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
IHM 2005 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Francophone sur l'Interaction Homme-Machine
État de l'art des méthodes de saisie de données sur dispositifs nomades: typologie des approches
IHM 2004 Proceedings of the 16th conference on Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
AdapTex: contextually adaptive text entry for mobiles
Proceedings of the 8th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Unipad: single stroke text entry with language-based acceleration
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
Bimanual text entry using game controllers: Relying on users' spatial familiarity with QWERTY
Interacting with Computers
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Using paper mockups for evaluating soft keyboard layouts
CASCON '07 Proceedings of the 2007 conference of the center for advanced studies on Collaborative research
Positional mapping: keyboard mapping based on characters writing positions for mobile devices
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Five-key text input using rhythmic mappings
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Eye typing using word and letter prediction and a fixation algorithm
Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications
Letterscroll: text entry using a wheel for visually impaired users
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Positional mapping Myanmar text input scheme for mobile devices
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Chinese pinyin phrasal input on mobile phone: usability and developing trends
Mobility '07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on mobile technology, applications, and systems and the 1st international symposium on Computer human interaction in mobile technology
Investigating five key predictive text entry with combined distance and keystroke modelling
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Text Entry System Based on a Minimal Scan Matrix for Severely Physically Handicapped People
ICCHP '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
Investigating the viability of scroll-wheel interfaced mobile phones for text entry
Proceedings of the 2008 annual research conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT research in developing countries: riding the wave of technology
Experimental evaluations of the Twiddler one-handed chording mobile keyboard
Human-Computer Interaction
Proceedings of the 18th international conference on World wide web
ExpECT: an expanded error categorisation method for text input
BCS-HCI '07 Proceedings of the 21st British HCI Group Annual Conference on People and Computers: HCI...but not as we know it - Volume 1
Text entry in the e-commerce age: two proposals for the severely handicapped
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research
UniGlyph: une méthode universelle pour la saisie de texte sur dispositifs mobiles
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
TnToolkit: a design and analysis tool for ambiguous, QWERTY, and on-screen keypads
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
WordTree: Results of a Word Prediction System Presented Thanks to a Tree
UAHCI '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Part III: Applications and Services
A model of two-thumb chording on a phone keypad
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
TextEntry '03 Proceedings of the 2003 EACL Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods
HMS: a predictive text entry method using bigrams
TextEntry '03 Proceedings of the 2003 EACL Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods
Comparaison de périphériques d'entrée physique versus périphériques d'entrée tactile virtuel
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
WordTree: nouvelle technique d'interaction avec une liste de prédiction
Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Predictive text entry using syntax and semantics
IWPT '09 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Parsing Technologies
Text entry performance of VirHKey in keyboard use
HCI '08 Proceedings of the Third IASTED International Conference on Human Computer Interaction
Predicting the cost of error correction in character-based text entry technologies
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Positional mapping multi-tap for myanmar language
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: interaction platforms and techniques
An accessible and usable soft keyboard
UAHCI'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Universal access in human-computer interaction: ambient interaction
QuickSuggest: character prediction on web appliances
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web
“Writing with music”: Exploring the use of auditory feedback in gesture interfaces
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
SAK: Scanning ambiguous keyboard for efficient one-key text entry
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
RearType: text entry using keys on the back of a device
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Improving mobile multi-tap text entry for Arabic language
Computer Standards & Interfaces
WeGliss, clavier pour la télévision interactive
Conference Internationale Francophone sur I'Interaction Homme-Machine
Subitizing-counting analogue observed in a fast multi-tapping-task
EPCE'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics
1 thumb, 4 buttons, 20 words per minute: design and evaluation of H4-writer
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Evaluation of an ambiguous-keyboard prototype scanning-system with word and character disambiguation
BCS '10 Proceedings of the 24th BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference
Some applications of string algorithms in human-computer interaction
Algorithms and Applications
User learning and performance with bezel menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Predictive text entry for agglutinative languages using unsupervised morphological segmentation
CICLing'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing - Volume Part II
Comparison of two text entry methods on interactive TV
Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Interactive tv and video
Modeling text input for single-switch scanning
ICCHP'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs - Volume Part II
DualScribe: a keyboard replacement for those with friedreich's ataxia and related diseases
ICCHP'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs - Volume Part II
Measuring performance of a predictive keyboard operated by humming
ICCHP'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs - Volume Part II
Autonomous self-assessment of autocorrections: exploring text message dialogues
NAACL HLT '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies
OnScreenDualScribe: a computer operation tool for users with a neuromuscular disease
UAHCI'13 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: design methods, tools, and interaction techniques for eInclusion - Volume Part I
Tilt-Based support for multimodal text entry on touchscreen smartphones: using pitch and roll
UAHCI'13 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: applications and services for quality of life - Volume Part III
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KSPC is the number of keystrokes, on average, to generate each character of text in a given language using a given text entry technique. We systematically describe the calculation of KSPC and provide examples across a variety of text entry techniques. Values for English range from about 10 for methods using only cursor keys and a SELECT key to about 0.5 for word prediction techniques. It is demonstrated that KSPC is useful for a priori analyses, thereby supporting the characterisation and comparison of text entry methods before labour-intensive implementations and evaluations.