A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A psychophysical comparison of two styles-driven soft keyboards
Proceedings of the 1999 conference on Graphics interface '99
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The metropolis keyboard - an exploration of quantitative techniques for virtual keyboard design
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Dasher—a data entry interface using continuous gestures and language models
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Going wireless: behavior & practice of new mobile phone users
CSCW '00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Text input for mobile devices: comparing model prediction to actual performance
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Usability analysis with Markov models
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
LetterWise: prefix-based disambiguation for mobile text input
Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Beyond the handset: designing for wireless communications usability
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
An evaluation of mobile phone text input methods
AUIC '02 Proceedings of the Third Australasian conference on User interfaces - Volume 7
Mobile text entry using three keys
Proceedings of the second Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
On-line personalization of a touch screen based keyboard
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
An Evaluation of Two Input Devices for Remote Pointing
EHCI '01 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP International Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction
On Interfaces for Mobile Information Retrieval
Mobile HCI '02 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction
KSPC (Keystrokes per Character) as a Characteristic of Text Entry Techniques
Mobile HCI '02 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction
Improving SMS Usability Using Bayesian Networks
SETN '02 Proceedings of the Second Hellenic Conference on AI: Methods and Applications of Artificial Intelligence
TrekTrack: A Round Wristwatch Interface for SMS Authoring
UbiComp '01 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Ubiquitous Computing
Reassessing current cell phone designs: using thumb input effectively
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A Pervasive Keyboard " Separating Input from Display
PERCOM '03 Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
A system for fast, full-text entry for small electronic devices
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
TiltText: using tilt for text input to mobile phones
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Model-based evaluation of cell phone menu interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Model for non-expert text entry speed on 12-button phone keypads
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
TNT: a numeric keypad based text input method
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Twiddler typing: one-handed chording text entry for mobile phones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A commonsense approach to predictive text entry
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A reduced QWERTY keyboard for mobile text entry
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Time-out in user interface: the case of mobile text input
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
BT Technology Journal
Alphabetically constrained keypad designs for text entry on mobile devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
FeelTip: tactile input device for small wearable information appliances
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Qwerty-like 3x4 keypad layouts for mobile phone
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Alternative source coding model for mobile text communication
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Evaluating mobile text entry strategies with finite state automata
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices & services
Stroke break analysis: a practical method to study timeout value for handwriting recognition input
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices & services
LetterEase: Improving text entry on a handheld device via letter reassignment
OZCHI '05 Proceedings of the 17th Australia conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Citizens Online: Considerations for Today and the Future
Investigating text input methods for mobile phones
Telematics and Informatics
Written versus spoken queries: A qualitative and quantitative comparative analysis
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology - Research Articles
Ancient runes: using text input for interaction in mobile games
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on Videogames
Model-based evaluation of expert cell phone menu interaction
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Revisiting and validating a model of two-thumb text entry
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Keystroke-level model for advanced mobile phone interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Space-time travel blogging using a mobile phone
Proceedings of the international conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology
TwoStick: writing with a game controller
GI '07 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2007
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Using paper mockups for evaluating soft keyboard layouts
CASCON '07 Proceedings of the 2007 conference of the center for advanced studies on Collaborative research
VLDB '07 Proceedings of the 33rd international conference on Very large data bases
Automatic form filling on mobile devices
Pervasive and Mobile Computing
Automatic whiteout++: correcting mini-QWERTY typing errors using keypress timing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Genetic algorithm can optimize hierarchical menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Letterscroll: text entry using a wheel for visually impaired users
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Unigest: text entry using three degrees of motion
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Identifying the limitations and capabilities of m-commerce services in GSM networks
International Journal of Mobile Communications
Evaluating one handed thumb tapping on mobile touchscreen devices
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
Optimizing hierarchical menus by genetic algorithm and simulated annealing
Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A survey of what customers want in a cell phone design
Behaviour & Information Technology
Constructing Chinese characters: keypad design for mobile phones
Behaviour & Information Technology
Tlk or txt? Using voice input for SMS composition
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Investigating five key predictive text entry with combined distance and keystroke modelling
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
The performance of hand postures in front- and back-of-device interaction for mobile computing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Experimental evaluations of the Twiddler one-handed chording mobile keyboard
Human-Computer Interaction
Comparing text entry methods for interactive television applications
Proceedings of the seventh european conference on European interactive television conference
Modeling learning effects in mobile texting
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia
TnToolkit: a design and analysis tool for ambiguous, QWERTY, and on-screen keypads
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Modeling Word Selection in Predictive Text Entry
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part II: Novel Interaction Methods and Techniques
The Evaluation of Operating Posture in Typing the QWERTY Keyboard on PDA
EHAWC '09 Proceedings of the International Conference on Ergonomics and Health Aspects of Work with Computers: Held as Part of HCI International 2009
A model of two-thumb chording on a phone keypad
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
Ambiguous Keyboards and Scanning: The Relevance of the Cell Selection Phase
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part II
Word n-grams for cluster keyboards
TextEntry '03 Proceedings of the 2003 EACL Workshop on Language Modeling for Text Entry Methods
The one-key challenge: searching for a fast one-key text entry method
Proceedings of the 11th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
NavTap: a long term study with excluded blind users
Proceedings of the 11th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Performance evaluation of a genetic algorithm for optimizing hierarchical menus
CEC'09 Proceedings of the Eleventh conference on Congress on Evolutionary Computation
When fingers do the talking: a study of text messaging
Interacting with Computers
Chinese character entry for mobile phones: a longitudinal investigation
Interacting with Computers
Query recommendation and its usefulness evaluation on mobile search engine
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
BlinkWrite2: an improved text entry method using eye blinks
Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications
Small-device users situationally impaired by input
Computers in Human Behavior
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Learning to Text: An Interaction Analytic Study of How Seniors Learn to Enter Text on Mobile Phones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluation of text entry methods for Korean mobile phones, a user study
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Predicting Chinese text entry speeds on mobile phones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extended KLM for mobile phone interaction: a user study result
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User expectations from dictation on mobile devices
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: interaction platforms and techniques
An improved model to evaluate menu hierarchies for mobile phones
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: interaction platforms and techniques
Augmentative and alternative communication: the future of text on the move
ERCIM'02 Proceedings of the User interfaces for all 7th international conference on Universal access: theoretical perspectives, practice, and experience
A study for usability risk level in physical user interface of mobile phone
UI-HCII'07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Usability and internationalization
Making the ordinary visible in microblogs
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
SAK: Scanning ambiguous keyboard for efficient one-key text entry
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Usability risk level evaluation for physical user interface of mobile phone
Computers in Industry
Improving mobile multi-tap text entry for Arabic language
Computer Standards & Interfaces
Proficient blind users and mobile text-entry
Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics
CHANTI: predictive text entry using non-verbal vocal input
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
MultiPress: releasing keys for multitap segmentation
CHI '11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The 1line keyboard: a QWERTY layout in a single line
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
1 thumb, 4 buttons, 20 words per minute: design and evaluation of H4-writer
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A comparison between spoken queries and menu-based interfaces for in-car digital music selection
INTERACT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 IFIP TC13 international conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Speech recognition on mobile devices
Mobile Multimedia Processing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Reducing visual demand for gestural text input on touchscreen devices
CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
HCIEd'09 Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on HCI Educators: playing with our Education
Modeling text input for single-switch scanning
ICCHP'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs - Volume Part II
Design and Evaluation of Soft Keyboards for Brahmic Scripts
ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP)
Effortless tool-based evaluation of web form filling tasks using keystroke level model and fitts law
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Light on horizontal interactive surfaces: Input space for tabletop computing
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Disambiguation of imprecise input with one-dimensional rotational text entry
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
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We present a model for predicting expert text entry rates for several input methods on a 12-key mobile phone keypad. The model includes a movement component based on Fitts' law and a linguistic component based on digraph, or letter-pair, probabilities. Predictions are provided for one-handed thumb and two-handed index finger input. For the traditional multi-press method or the lesser-used two-key method, predicted expert rates vary from about 21 to 27 words per minute (wpm). The relatively new T9 method works with a disambiguating algorithm and inputs each character with a single key press. Predicted expert rates vary from 41 wpm for one-handed thumb input to 46 wpm for two-handed index finger input. These figures are degraded somewhat depending on the user's strategy in coping with less-than-perfect disambiguation. Analyses of these strategies are presented.