Powermice and user performance
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How does Fitts' law fit pointing and dragging?
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An evaluation of an eye tracker as a device for computer input2
CHI '87 Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface
Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Lag as a determinant of human performance in interactive systems
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Reaching for objects in VR displays: lag and frame rate
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Beyond Fitts' law: models for trajectory-based HCI tasks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Selection using a one-eyed cursor in a fish tank VR environment
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
TGuide: a guidance system for tactile image exploration
Assets '98 Proceedings of the third international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Bullseye! when Fitts' law doesn't fit
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Hotbox: efficient access to a large number of menu-items
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cognitive modeling demonstrates how people use anticipated location knowledge of menu items
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Navigation as multiscale pointing: extending Fitts' model to very high precision tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Predicting text entry speed on mobile phones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on human-computer interaction with mobile systems
Visual search and mouse-pointing in labeled versus unlabeled two-dimensional visual hierarchies
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
More than dotting the i's --- foundations for crossing-based interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
On-line personalization of a touch screen based keyboard
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Layout Appropriateness: A Metric for Evaluating User Interface Widget Layout
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Rhythmic menus: toward interaction based on rhythm
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Refining Fitts' law models for bivariate pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Card, English, and Burr (1978): 25 years later
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Input technologies and techniques
The human-computer interaction handbook
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Pointing at trivariate targets in 3D environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: IEEE VR 2003
Differences in pointing task performance between preschool children and adults using mice
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
An empirical study of typing rates on mini-QWERTY keyboards
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fitts at 50: for link design, size does matter
interactions - Whose profession is it anyway?
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices & services
Distributed pointing for multimodal collaboration over sketched diagrams
ICMI '05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Predictive interaction using the delphian desktop
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A probabilistic approach to modeling two-dimensional pointing
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Improving text entry performance for Spanish-speaking non-expert and impaired users
CLIHC '05 Proceedings of the 2005 Latin American conference on Human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Measuring the difficulty of steering through corners
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Entity quick click: rapid text copying based on automatic entity extraction
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Claviers GAG: claviers logiciels optimisés pour la saisie de texte au stylet
IHM '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conferenceof the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
A powerful pseudo-syllabic text entry paradigm
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Effect of variations in sensory feedback on performance in a virtual reaching task
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
RodDirect: two-dimensional input with stylus knob
Proceedings of the 8th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Dynamic Power Optimization Targeting User Delays in Interactive Systems
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Sharing and analyzing data from presence experiments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: 8th annual international workshop on presence II
Interacting with mobile services: an evaluation of camera-phones and visual tags
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
User performance with trackball-mice
Interacting with Computers
Modeling steering within above-the-surface interaction layers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Modeling pointing at targets of arbitrary shapes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Direct-touch vs. mouse input for tabletop displays
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
When two methods are better than one: combining user study with cognitive modeling
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluation of Input Devices for Musical Expression: Borrowing Tools from HCI
Computer Music Journal
Automatically generating user interfaces adapted to users' motor and vision capabilities
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Interaction design and children
Computers in Human Behavior
Ninja cursors: using multiple cursors to assist target acquisition on large screens
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Optimal parameters for efficient crossing-based dialog boxes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Peephole pointing: modeling acquisition of dynamically revealed targets
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Design and evaluation of korean text entry methods for mobile phones
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Usability of optically simulated haptic feedback
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Analyzing the kinematics of bivariate pointing
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
Evaluation of pointing performance on screen edges
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Using Expert System to Assist Mouse Proficiency Assessment
ICCHP '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Commentary on "Damaged merchandise?"
Human-Computer Interaction
The effect of gender-related difference on human-centred performance using a mass assessment method
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
Information theoretic models of HCI: a comparison of the Hick-Hyman law and Fitts' law
Human-Computer Interaction
Path selection: a novel interaction technique for mapping applications
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Common input devices for Malaysian computer users with motor impairments
ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing
Software operation time evaluation based on MTM
Advances in Engineering Software
TnToolkit: a design and analysis tool for ambiguous, QWERTY, and on-screen keypads
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Modeling Word Selection in Predictive Text Entry
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part II: Novel Interaction Methods and Techniques
Modeling the Difficulty for Centering Rectangles in One and Two Dimensions
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part II: Novel Interaction Methods and Techniques
Evaluation of Pointing Efficiency on Small Screen Touch User Interfaces
Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Interface 2009 on Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Interaction. Part II: Held as part of HCI International 2009
Investigation on Relation between Index of Difficulty in Fitts' Law and Device Screen Sizes
Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Interface 2009 on Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Interaction. Part II: Held as part of HCI International 2009
A model of two-thumb chording on a phone keypad
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
A Model for Steering with Haptic-Force Guidance
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part II
WildThumb: a web browser supporting efficient task management on wide displays
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Foundations for designing and evaluating user interfaces based on the crossing paradigm
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Bias towards regular configuration in 2D pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Modeling dwell-based eye pointing target acquisition
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Predicting Chinese text entry speeds on mobile phones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A study of control performance in low frequency motion workstation
UAHCI'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Universal access in human-computer interaction: ambient interaction
Embedding expert system into a computerized assessment tool for mouse proficiency
UAHCI'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Universal access in human computer interaction: coping with diversity
INTERACT'07 Proceedings of the 11th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction
Modeling of human's pointing movement on the effect of target position
ICDHM'07 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Digital human modeling
Dynamic mouse speed scheme design based on trajectory analysis
EHAWC'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Ergonomics and health aspects of work with computers
Design pattern TRABING: touchscreen-based input technique for people affected by intention tremor
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Automatically generating personalized user interfaces with Supple
Artificial Intelligence
A human motor behavior model for distal pointing tasks
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Investigating selection and reading performance on a mobile phone while walking
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Revisiting path steering for 3D manipulation tasks
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Biometric keypads: Improving accuracy through optimal PIN selection
Decision Support Systems
VR menus: investigation of distance, size, auto-scale, and ray casting vs. pointer-attached-to-menu
ISVC'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part I
Une approche à base de modèles pour l'ingénierie logicielle de techniques d'interaction
Conference Internationale Francophone sur I'Interaction Homme-Machine
Evaluation of motion-based interaction for mobile devices: A case study on image browsing
Interacting with Computers
A model-based approach for supporting engineering usability evaluation of interaction techniques
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
UAHCI'11 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Universal access in human-computer interaction: users diversity - Volume Part II
Moving target selection in 2D graphical user interfaces
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part II
23rd French Speaking Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Extension de la norme ISO 9241-9 au pointage en 3D
23rd French Speaking Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Humans and smart environments: a novel multimodal interaction approach
ICMI '11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on multimodal interfaces
Careless touch: a comparative evaluation of mouse, pen, and touch input in shape tracing task
Proceedings of the 23rd Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference
INTETAIN'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment
Modeling prehension for physical collaboration in virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Modeling task performance for a crowd of users from interaction histories
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Accurate measurements of pointing performance from in situ observations
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to account for the effects of movement direction on 2d pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
A model of embodied dynamic peephole pointing for hidden targets
BCS-HCI '11 Proceedings of the 25th BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Dynamic tactile guidance for visual search tasks
Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Two-Part Models Capture the Impact of Gain on Pointing Performance
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Action graphs and user performance analysis
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
FFitts law: modeling finger touch with fitts' law
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Understanding performance of eyes-free, absolute position control on touchable mobile phones
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Distinguishing Users By Pointing Performance in Laboratory and Real-World Tasks
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Target orientation effects on movement time in rapid aiming tasks
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: interaction modalities and techniques - Volume Part IV
Design and evaluation of a predictive model for smartphone selection
DUXU'13 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Design, User Experience, and Usability: web, mobile, and product design - Volume Part IV
Is movement better?: comparing sedentary and motion-based game controls for older adults
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2013
How are gamers better at drawing teapots than non-gamers?
Proceedings of the 25th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference: Augmentation, Application, Innovation, Collaboration
Analysis of the results from use of haptic peg-in-hole task for assessment in neurorehabilitation
Applied Bionics and Biomechanics - Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics
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Fitts' law, a one-dimensional model of human movement, is commonly applied to two-dimensional target acquisition tasks on interactive computing systems. For rectangular targets, such as words, it is demonstrated that the model can break down and yield unrealistically low (even negative!) ratings for a task's index of difficulty (ID). The Shannon formulation is shown to partially correct this problem, since ID is always ≥ 0 bits. As well, two alternative interpretations “target width” are introduced that accommodate the two-dimensional nature of tasks. Results of an experiment are presented that show a significant improvement in the model's performance using the suggested changes.