How does Fitts' law fit pointing and dragging?
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction
Fitts' law as a performance model in human-computer interaction
Movement time prediction in human-computer interfaces
Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '92
Human performance using computer input devices in the preferred and non-preferred hands
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Lag as a determinant of human performance in interactive systems
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How should Fitts' Law be applied to human-computer interaction?
Interacting with Computers
The effect of reducing homing time on the speed of a finger-controlled isometric pointing device
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Differences in movement microstructure of the mouse and the finger-controlled isometric joystick
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of three selection techniques for touchpads
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Testing pointing device performance and user assessment with the ISO 9241, Part 9 standard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Navigation as multiscale pointing: extending Fitts' model to very high precision tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems
Communications of the ACM
Accuracy measures for evaluating computer pointing devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Drag-and-drop versus point-and-click mouse interaction styles for children
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Visual search and mouse-pointing in labeled versus unlabeled two-dimensional visual hierarchies
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Movement model, hits distribution and learning in virtual keyboarding
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Application of Fitts' law to eye gaze interaction
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cursor measures for motion-impaired computer users
Proceedings of the fifth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Human on-line response to target expansion
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An Evaluation of Two Input Devices for Remote Pointing
EHCI '01 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP International Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction
Force-to-motion functions for pointing
INTERACT '90 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Third Interational Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
An isometric joystick as a pointing device for handheld information terminals
GRIN'01 No description on Graphics interface 2001
Mouse and touchscreen selection in the upper and lower visual fields
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Haptic feedback for pen computing: directions and strategies
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Preface: Fitts' law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Target acquisition in multiscale electronic worlds
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Effect of age and Parkinson's disease on cursor positioning using a mouse
Proceedings of the 7th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
OrthoZoom scroller: 1D multi-scale navigation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human on-line response to visual and motor target expansion
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
The importance of accurate VR head registration on skilled motor performance
GI '06 Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006
Shakespeare's complete works as a benchmark for evaluating multiscale document navigation techniques
Proceedings of the 2006 AVI workshop on BEyond time and errors: novel evaluation methods for information visualization
Variability of throughput in pointing device tests: button-up or button-down?
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
Drag-and-drop errors in young children's use of the mouse
Interacting with Computers
Sensory substitution using tactile pin arrays: human factors, technology and applications
Signal Processing - Special section: Multimodal human-computer interfaces
User performance with trackball-mice
Interacting with Computers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pointing and beyond: an operationalization and preliminary evaluation of multi-scale searching
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Touchstone: exploratory design of experiments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Performance of input devices in FPS target acquisition
Proceedings of the international conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology
Evaluating swiftpoint as a mobile device for direct manipulation input
AUIC '07 Proceedings of the eight Australasian conference on User interface - Volume 64
Slipping and drifting: using older users to uncover pen-based target acquisition difficulties
Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Simple pen interaction performance of young and older adults using handheld computers
Interacting with Computers
Automatic whiteout++: correcting mini-QWERTY typing errors using keypress timing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Target acquisition with camera phones when used as magic lenses
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An error model for pointing based on Fitts' law
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fitts' throughput and the speed-accuracy tradeoff
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bringing the target to the cursor: proxy targets for older adults
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating touch gestures for scrolling on notebook computers
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pointing with fingers, hands and arms for wearable computing
CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Evaluating one handed thumb tapping on mobile touchscreen devices
GI '08 Proceedings of graphics interface 2008
The performance of hand postures in front- and back-of-device interaction for mobile computing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The effect of gender-related difference on human-centred performance using a mass assessment method
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
PointAssist: helping four year olds point with ease
IDC '08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Interaction design and children
Fitts' law for older adults: considering a factor of age
Proceedings of the VIII Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The performance of touch screen soft buttons
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DynaSpot: speed-dependent area cursor
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The angle mouse: target-agnostic dynamic gain adjustment based on angular deviation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Getting there: six meta-principles and interaction design
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Motion marking menus: An eyes-free approach to motion input for handheld devices
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Exploring Methods to Improve Pen-Based Menu Selection for Younger and Older Adults
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Loi de fitts: prédiction du temps de pointage sous forme d'ensembles flous
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
ISO 9241-9 evaluation of video game controllers
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009
The tradeoff between spatial jitter and latency in pointing tasks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
Tactile feedback enhanced hand gesture interaction at large, high-resolution displays
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
User-Centered Mouse Access Evaluation Design: Windows-Based Simulation Technology
HCD 09 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Human Centered Design: Held as Part of HCI International 2009
Evaluation of Pointing Efficiency on Small Screen Touch User Interfaces
Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Interface 2009 on Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Interaction. Part II: Held as part of HCI International 2009
Evaluation of Visually-Controlled Task Performance in Three Dimension Virtual Reality Environment
VMR '09 Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Virtual and Mixed Reality: Held as Part of HCI International 2009
Target Acquisition with Force Feedback: The Effect of Different Forces on the User's Performance
HAID '09 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Haptic and Audio Interaction Design
Insight into Goal-Directed Movements: Beyond Fitts' Law
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
Force Feedback Magnitude Effects on User's Performance during Target Acquisition: A Pilot Study
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part II
AirMouse: Finger Gesture for 2D and 3D Interaction
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part II
Evaluation of contactless multimodal pointing devices
IASTED-HCI '07 Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Conference on Human Computer Interaction
Pointassist for older adults: analyzing sub-movement characteristics to aid in pointing tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bias towards regular configuration in 2D pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Modeling dwell-based eye pointing target acquisition
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Predicting Chinese text entry speeds on mobile phones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
UAHCI'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Universal access in human-computer interaction: applications and services
Evaluating eye tracking with ISO 9241 - part 9
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: intelligent multimodal interaction environments
A model of novice and expert navigation performance in constrained-input interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
A comparison of ray pointing techniques for very large displays
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010
Active experience of audiovisual cultural content: the virtual binocular interface
Proceedings of the second workshop on eHeritage and digital art preservation
Towards accessible touch interfaces
Proceedings of the 12th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
MarkerMouse: mouse cursor control using a head-mounted marker
ICCHP'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computers helping people with special needs
Study of performances of "haptic walls" modalities for a 3D menu
EuroHaptics'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Haptics - generating and perceiving tangible sensations: Part II
Gesture variants and cognitive constraints for interactive virtual reality training systems
Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Proceedings of the 2nd Augmented Human International Conference
Fitt's law as an explicit time/error trade-off
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Modeling and predicting pointing errors in two dimensions
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Surfpad: riding towards targets on a squeeze film effect
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interaction with magic lenses: real-world validation of a Fitts' Law model
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pop-up depth views for improving 3D target acquisition
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2011
Effects of motor scale, visual scale, and quantization on small target acquisition difficulty
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
HCII'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction: interaction techniques and environments - Volume Part II
The entropy of a rapid aimed movement: Fitts' index of difficulty versus Shannon's entropy
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part IV
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Using eye gaze and speech to simulate a pointing device
Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications
Modeling prehension for physical collaboration in virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
How small can you go?: analyzing the effect of visual angle in pointing tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Rewarding the original: explorations in joint user-sensor motion spaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An investigation of Fitts' law in a multiple-display environment
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to account for the effects of movement direction on 2d pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Magic-sense: dynamic cursor sensitivity-based magic pointing
CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A new test of throughput invariance in Fitts' law: role of the intercept and of Jensen's inequality
BCS-HCI '12 Proceedings of the 26th Annual BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference on People and Computers
Two-Part Models Capture the Impact of Gain on Pointing Performance
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Investigating mid-air pointing interaction for projector phones
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
FittsTilt: the application of Fitts' law to tilt-based interaction
Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Making Sense Through Design
Using wiimote for 2d and 3d pointing tasks: gesture performance evaluation
GW'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction and Embodied Communication
Action graphs and user performance analysis
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Examining the costs of multiple trajectory pointing techniques
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Analysis and comparison of target assistance techniques for relative ray-cast pointing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Information capacity of full-body movements
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The effect of time-based cost of error in target-directed pointing tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Can we beat the mouse with MAGIC?
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Biomechanical simulation in the analysis of aimed movements
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Effortless tool-based evaluation of web form filling tasks using keystroke level model and fitts law
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI and the future robot enslavement of humankind: a retrospective
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pointing at 3d target projections with one-eyed and stereo cursors
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How fast is fast enough?: a study of the effects of latency in direct-touch pointing tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Novel metrics for 3D remote pointing
Proceedings of the 1st symposium on Spatial user interaction
Up- and downwards motions in 3D pointing
Proceedings of the 1st symposium on Spatial user interaction
Imaginary devices: gesture-based interaction mimicking traditional input devices
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Exploring pinch and spread gestures on mobile devices
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Effects of Target Expansion on Selection Performance in Older Computer Users
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Setting that mouse for tracking tasks
DHM'13 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics, and Risk Management: human body modeling and ergonomics - Volume Part II
Using kinect for 2D and 3D pointing tasks: performance evaluation
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: interaction modalities and techniques - Volume Part IV
Target orientation effects on movement time in rapid aiming tasks
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: interaction modalities and techniques - Volume Part IV
Handheld Augmented Reality: Effect of registration jitter on cursor-based pointing techniques
Proceedings of the 25ième conférence francophone on l'Interaction Homme-Machine
Are AAC apps accessible for people with complex communication disabilities?
Proceedings of the 7th International Convention on Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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This paper makes seven recommendations to HCI researchers wishing to construct Fitts' law models for either movement time prediction, or for the comparison of conditions in an experiment. These seven recommendations support (and in some cases supplement) the methods described in the recent ISO 9241-9 standard on the evaluation of pointing devices. In addition to improving the robustness of Fitts' law models, these recommendations (if widely employed) will improve the comparability and consistency of forthcoming publications. Arguments to support these recommendations are presented, as are concise reviews of 24 published Fitts' law models of the mouse, and 9 studies that used the new ISO standard.