What you look at is what you get: eye movement-based interaction techniques
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Differences in movement microstructure of the mouse and the finger-controlled isometric joystick
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Making computers easier for older adults to use: area cursors and sticky icons
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Beyond Fitts' law: models for trajectory-based HCI tasks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Manual and gaze input cascaded (MAGIC) pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Keyboard and mouse errors due to motor disabilities
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Neck range of motion and use of computer head controls
Assets '00 Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Investigating the applicability of user models for motion-impaired users
Assets '00 Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Accuracy measures for evaluating computer pointing devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
More than dotting the i's --- foundations for crossing-based interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A study of cursor trajectories of motion-impaired users
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cursor measures for motion-impaired computer users
Proceedings of the fifth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Multiple haptic targets for motion-impaired computer users
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Card, English, and Burr (1978): 25 years later
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic pointing: improving target acquisition with control-display ratio adaptation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mouse movements of motion-impaired users: a submovement analysis
Assets '04 Proceedings of the 6th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
CrossY: a crossing-based drawing application
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Differences in pointing task performance between preschool children and adults using mice
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Trackball text entry for people with motor impairments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
From letters to words: efficient stroke-based word completion for trackball text entry
Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Developing steady clicks:: a method of cursor assistance for people with motor impairments
Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
The vocal joystick:: evaluation of voice-based cursor control techniques
Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
GUIDe: gaze-enhanced UI design
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Automatically generating user interfaces adapted to users' motor and vision capabilities
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
A comparison of area pointing and goal crossing for people with and without motor impairments
Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Voicedraw: a hands-free voice-driven drawing application for people with motor impairments
Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Exploring the design of accessible goal crossing desktop widgets
CHI '09 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Pointassist for older adults: analyzing sub-movement characteristics to aid in pointing tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Investigating Grid-Based Navigation: The Impact of Physical Disability
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Enhanced area cursors: reducing fine pointing demands for people with motor impairments
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Towards accessible touch interfaces
Proceedings of the 12th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Evaluating swabbing: a touchscreen input method for elderly users with tremor
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Accurate measurements of pointing performance from in situ observations
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Special Section on Touching the 3rd Dimension: 3D selection with freehand gesture
Computers and Graphics
PointAssist: assisting individuals with motor impairments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using kernels for a video-based mouse-replacement interface
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
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Prior research shows that people with motor impairments face considerable challenges when using conventional mice and trackballs. One challenge is positioning the mouse cursor within confined target areas; another is executing a precise click without slipping. These problems can make mouse pointing in graphical user interfaces very difficult for some people. This article explores goal crossing as an alternative strategy for more accessible target acquisition. In goal crossing, targets are boundaries that are simply crossed by the mouse cursor. Thus, goal crossing avoids the two aforementioned problems. To date, however, researchers have not examined the feasibility of goal crossing for people with motor difficulties. We therefore present a study comparing area pointing and goal crossing. Our performance results indicate that although Fitts' throughput for able-bodied users is higher for area pointing than for goal crossing (4.72 vs. 3.61 bits/s), the opposite is true for users with motor impairments (2.34 vs. 2.88 bits/s). However, error rates are higher for goal crossing than for area pointing under a strict definition of crossing errors (6.23% vs. 1.94%). We also present path analyses and an examination of submovement velocity, acceleration, and jerk (the change in acceleration over time). These results show marked differences between crossing and pointing and almost categorically favor crossing. An important finding is that crossing reduces jerk for both participant groups, indicating more fluid, stable motion. To help realize the potential of goal crossing for computer access, we offer design concepts for crossing widgets that address the occlusion problem, which occurs when one crossing goal obscures another in persistent mouse-cursor interfaces. This work provides the motivation and initial steps for further exploration of goal crossing on the desktop, and may help researchers and designers to radically reshape user interfaces to provide accessible goal crossing, thereby lowering barriers to access.