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CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Making computers easier for older adults to use: area cursors and sticky icons
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Beyond Fitts' law: models for trajectory-based HCI tasks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
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International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
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Assets '00 Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Investigating the applicability of user models for motion-impaired users
Assets '00 Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Accuracy measures for evaluating computer pointing devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
More than dotting the i's --- foundations for crossing-based interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cursor measures for motion-impaired computer users
Proceedings of the fifth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Multiple haptic targets for motion-impaired computer users
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Card, English, and Burr (1978): 25 years later
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semantic pointing: improving target acquisition with control-display ratio adaptation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Mouse movements of motion-impaired users: a submovement analysis
Assets '04 Proceedings of the 6th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
CrossY: a crossing-based drawing application
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The bubble cursor: enhancing target acquisition by dynamic resizing of the cursor's activation area
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Trackball text entry for people with motor impairments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
From letters to words: efficient stroke-based word completion for trackball text entry
Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Developing steady clicks:: a method of cursor assistance for people with motor impairments
Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
Automatic evaluation of assistive interfaces
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
The angle mouse: target-agnostic dynamic gain adjustment based on angular deviation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Computerized assessing the mouse proficiency through multiple indicators
ICCHP'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computers helping people with special needs: Part I
Ability-Based Design: Concept, Principles and Examples
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
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Prior work has highlighted the challenges faced by people with motor impairments when trying to acquire on-screen targets using a mouse or trackball. Two reasons for this are the difficulty of positioning the mouse cursor within a confined area, and the challenge of accurately executing a click. We hypothesize that both of these difficulties with area pointing may be alleviated in a different target acquisition paradigm called "goal crossing." In goal crossing, users do not acquire a confined area, but instead pass over a target line. Although goal crossing has been studied for able-bodied users, its suitability for people with motor impairments is unknown. We present a study of 16 people, 8 of whom had motor impairments, using mice and trackballs to do area pointing and goal crossing. Our results indicate that Fitts' law models both techniques for both user groups. Furthermore, although throughput for able-bodied users was higher for area pointing than for goal crossing (4.72 vs. 3.61 bits/s), the opposite was true for users with motor impairments (2.34 vs. 2.88 bits/s), suggesting that goal crossing may be viable for them. However, error rates were higher for goal crossing than for area pointing under a strict definition of crossing errors (6.23% vs. 1.94%). Subjective results indicate a preference for goal crossing among motor-impaired users. This work provides the empirical foundation from which to pursue the design of crossing-based interfaces as accessible alternatives to pointing-based interfaces.