An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus
CHI '88 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A morphological analysis of the design space of input devices
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) - Special issue on computer—human interaction
The limits of expert performance using hierarchic marking menus
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User learning and performance with marking menus
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
FlowMenu: combining command, text, and data entry
UIST '00 Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
More than dotting the i's --- foundations for crossing-based interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Design and Evaluation of Menu Systems for Immersive Virtual Environments
VR '01 Proceedings of the Virtual Reality 2001 Conference (VR'01)
Evaluation of the Command and Control Cube
ICMI '02 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces
EdgeWrite: a stylus-based text entry method designed for high accuracy and stability of motion
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Pointing at trivariate targets in 3D environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Simple vs. compound mark hierarchical marking menus
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Multi-finger gestural interaction with 3d volumetric displays
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Distant freehand pointing and clicking on very large, high resolution displays
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Precise selection techniques for multi-touch screens
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
iSith - Intersection-based Spatial Interaction for Two Hands
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
Toward Disambiguating Multiple Selections for Frustum-Based Pointing
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
The design and evaluation of selection techniques for 3D volumetric displays
UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Robust computer vision-based detection of pinching for one and two-handed gesture input
UIST '06 Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Virtual Environments: Three-dimensional menus: A survey and taxonomy
Computers and Graphics
Escape: a target selection technique using visually-cued gestures
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
PieCursor: merging pointing and command selection for rapid in-place tool switching
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
An empirical evaluation of some articulatory and cognitive aspects of marking menus
Human-Computer Interaction
Tilt techniques: investigating the dexterity of wrist-based input
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An exploration of menu techniques using a 3D game input device
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games
Assessing the Effects of Orientation and Device on (Constrained) 3D Movement Techniques
3DUI '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces
Mid-air text input techniques for very large wall displays
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009
Beyond flat surface computing: challenges of depth-aware and curved interfaces
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Natural user interfaces are not natural
interactions
GesText: accelerometer-based gestural text-entry systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The design and evaluation of multitouch marking menus
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Exploring the design space of multiscale 3D orientation
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Enhanced area cursors: reducing fine pointing demands for people with motor impairments
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Multi-point interactions with immersive omnidirectional visualizations in a dome
ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces
Using a depth camera as a touch sensor
ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces
Gesture select:: acquiring remote targets on large displays without pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
AirStroke: bringing unistroke text entry to freehand gesture interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Gestures in the wild: studying multi-touch gesture sequences on interactive tabletop exhibits
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Design and evaluation of freehand menu selection interfaces using tilt and pinch gestures
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
An evaluation of menu properties and pointing techniques in a projection-based VR environment
3DUI '10 Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces
Rapid and accurate 3D selection by progressive refinement
3DUI '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces
OmniTouch: wearable multitouch interaction everywhere
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the 23rd Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference
MirageTable: freehand interaction on a projected augmented reality tabletop
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Bimanual marking menu for near surface interactions
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A handle bar metaphor for virtual object manipulation with mid-air interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Introduction: Foreword to the special section on touching the 3rd dimension
Computers and Graphics
Mimetic interaction spaces: controlling distant displays in pervasive environments
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
A computer vision framework for finger-tapping evaluation in Parkinson's disease
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
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The use of 3D computer graphics is important in a very wide range of applications. However, user interaction with 3D applications is still challenging and often does not lend itself to established techniques that have been developed primarily for 2D desktop interaction. Meanwhile, 3D user interfaces that rely on tracking hand-held devices or fiducial markers attached to the user are cumbersome or entirely inappropriate in some situations. These challenges may be addressed by refining and building on the increasing use of freehand gestural input, i.e. without markers or hand-held devices, to extend the fluidity and immediacy of today's 2D touch-based interactions. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of freehand gestural 3D interaction, and report a set of 3 related evaluation studies focused on the fundamental user interface task of object selection. We found that interaction design requiring a high accuracy single action are not appropriate for freehand gestural selection, while separating it into several connected low demand operations could be a potential solution; that our Reach technique is accurate and potentially useful for option selection tasks with freehand gesture; and that strong directional effects influence performance and usability of both 2D and 3D option selection. We propose guidelines for designers of 3D freehand gestural interaction based on our evaluation results.