Cone Trees: animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing the user interface (2nd ed.): strategies for effective human-computer interaction
Designing the user interface (2nd ed.): strategies for effective human-computer interaction
I3D '92 Proceedings of the 1992 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Windows on the world: 2D windows for 3D augmented reality
UIST '93 Proceedings of the 6th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
HoloSketch: a virtual reality sketching/animation tool
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) - Special issue on virtual reality software and technology
The virtual tricorder: a uniform interface for virtual reality
Proceedings of the 8th annual ACM symposium on User interface and software technology
Communications of the ACM
Two-handed direct manipulation on the responsive workbench
Proceedings of the 1997 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Moving objects in space: exploiting proprioception in virtual-environment interaction
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
3D palette: a virtual reality content creation tool
VRST '97 Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Coherent zooming of illustrations with 3D-graphics and text
Proceedings of the conference on Graphics interface '97
Toolspaces and glances: storing, accessing, and retrieving objects in 3D desktop applications
I3D '99 Proceedings of the 1999 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
The Task Gallery: a 3D window manager
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An interactive toolkit library for 3D applications: it3d
EGVE '02 Proceedings of the workshop on Virtual environments 2002
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
The challenge to build flexible user interface components for non-immersive 3D environments
Proceedings of the HCI International '99 (the 8th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction) on Human-Computer Interaction: Communication, Cooperation, and Application Design-Volume 2 - Volume 2
The ToolFinger: supporting complex direct manipulation in virtual environments
EGVE '03 Proceedings of the workshop on Virtual environments 2003
3D scene manipulation with 2D devices and constraints
GRIN'01 No description on Graphics interface 2001
A Hybrid 2D / 3D User Interface for Immersive Object Modeling
CGI '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Graphics International
Multimodal Menu Presentation and Selection in Immersive Virtual Environments
VR '00 Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality 2000 Conference
Design and Evaluation of Menu Systems for Immersive Virtual Environments
VR '01 Proceedings of the Virtual Reality 2001 Conference (VR'01)
ISWC '01 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
Collapsible Cylindrical Trees: A Fast Hierarchical Navigation Technique
INFOVIS '01 Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2001 (INFOVIS'01)
Virtual Environment Interaction Techniques
Virtual Environment Interaction Techniques
ISAAC: A Virtual Environment Tool for the Interactive Construction of Virtual Worlds
ISAAC: A Virtual Environment Tool for the Interactive Construction of Virtual Worlds
Animated visualization of multiple intersecting hierarchies
Information Visualization
TUISTER: a tangible UI for hierarchical structures
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
FingARtips: gesture based direct manipulation in Augmented Reality
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice
Designing a generalized 3D carousel view
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Spin Menu: A Menu System for Virtual Environments
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
Mixed-dimension interaction in virtual environments
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
A Cost-effective Approach for Developing Application-control GUIs for Virtual Environments
3DUI '06 Proceedings of the 3D User Interfaces
The virtual windtunnel: A high-performance virtual reality application
VRAIS '93 Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium
Command & control cube: a shortcut paradigm for virtual environments
EGVE'01 Proceedings of the 7th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments & 5th Immersive Projection Technology
Improving 3D Selection in VEs through Expanding Targets and Forced Disocclusion
SG '08 Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on Smart Graphics
Quinze ans de recherche sur les menus: critères et propriétés des techniques de menus
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
The gMenu User Interface for Virtual Reality Systems and Environments
ICCS 2009 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computational Science
Specifying the Representation of Non-geometric Information in 3D Virtual Environments
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part II: Novel Interaction Methods and Techniques
Achieving total immersion: technology trends behind augmented reality-a survey
SMO'09 Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS international conference on Simulation, modelling and optimization
Facilitating system control in ray-based interaction tasks
Proceedings of the 16th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology
Tangible spin cube for 3D ring menu in real space
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A methodology to specify three-dimensional interaction using Petri Nets
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Interactive textures as spatial user interfaces in X3D
Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Web 3D Technology
Design and evaluation of freehand menu selection interfaces using tilt and pinch gestures
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on 3D Web Technology
Effects of menu orientation on pointing behavior in virtual environments
Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Virtual and mixed reality: new trends - Volume Part I
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part II
Special Section on Touching the 3rd Dimension: 3D selection with freehand gesture
Computers and Graphics
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Various interaction techniques have been developed in the field of virtual and augmented reality. Whereas techniques for object selection, manipulation, travel, and wayfinding have already been covered in existing taxonomies in some detail, application control techniques have not yet been sufficiently considered. However, they are needed by almost every mixed reality application, e.g. for choosing from alternative objects or options. For this purpose a great variety of distinct three-dimensional (3D) menu selection techniques is available. This paper surveys existing 3D menus from the corpus of literature and classifies them according to various criteria. The taxonomy introduced here assists developers of interactive 3D applications to better evaluate their options when choosing, optimizing, and implementing a 3D menu technique. Since the taxonomy spans the design space for 3D menu solutions, it also aids researchers in identifying opportunities to improve or create novel virtual menu techniques.