A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Lag as a determinant of human performance in interactive systems
INTERCHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 conference on Human factors in computing systems
Physical versus virtual pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Differences in movement microstructure of the mouse and the finger-controlled isometric joystick
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Testing pointing device performance and user assessment with the ISO 9241, Part 9 standard
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Flatland: new dimensions in office whiteboards
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Navigation as multiscale pointing: extending Fitts' model to very high precision tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
How do people organize their desks?: Implications for the design of office information systems
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Drag-and-drop versus point-and-click mouse interaction styles for children
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Visual search and mouse-pointing in labeled versus unlabeled two-dimensional visual hierarchies
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Interacting at a distance: measuring the performance of laser pointers and other devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semi-public displays for small, co-located groups
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human on-line response to target expansion
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Force-to-motion functions for pointing
INTERACT '90 Proceedings of the IFIP TC13 Third Interational Conference on Human-Computer Interaction
Pointing on a computer display
Pointing on a computer display
Dynamo: a public interactive surface supporting the cooperative sharing and exchange of media
Proceedings of the 16th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Mouse and touchscreen selection in the upper and lower visual fields
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pointing at trivariate targets in 3D environments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A remote control interface for large displays
Proceedings of the 17th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
The introduction of a shared interactive surface into a communal space
CSCW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Territoriality in collaborative tabletop workspaces
CSCW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Comparing cursor orientations for mouse, pointer, and pen interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The vacuum: facilitating the manipulation of distant objects
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Fitts law 50 years later: Applications and contributions from human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the 7th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Fitts' law and expanding targets: Experimental studies and designs for user interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Let's go to the whiteboard: how and why software developers use drawings
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Direct-touch vs. mouse input for tabletop displays
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Shadow reaching: a new perspective on interaction for large displays
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An error model for pointing based on Fitts' law
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fitts' throughput and the speed-accuracy tradeoff
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction
Human-Computer Interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the ACM 2009 international conference on Supporting group work
Mid-air text input techniques for very large wall displays
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009
Only one Fitts' law formula please!
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A human motor behavior model for distal pointing tasks
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Body-centric interaction techniques for very large wall displays
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries
Effects of motor scale, visual scale, and quantization on small target acquisition difficulty
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
"Oh snap" - helping users align digital objects on touch interfaces
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part III
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Extension of Fitts' law to modeling motion performance in man-machine interfaces
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
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We establish that two-part models of pointing performance (Welford’s model) describe pointing on a computer display significantly better than traditional one-part models (Fitts’s Law). We explore the space of pointing models and describe how independent contributions of movement amplitude and target width to pointing time can be captured in a parameter k. Through a reanalysis of data from related work we demonstrate that one-part formulations are fragile in describing pointing performance, and that this fragility is present for various devices and techniques. We show that this same data can be significantly better described using two-part models. Finally, we demonstrate through further analysis of previous work and new experimental data that k increases linearly with gain. Our primary contribution is the demonstration that Fitts’s Law is more limited in applicability than previously appreciated, and that more robust models, such as Welford’s formulation, should be adopted in many cases of practical interest.