An experimental comparison of a mouse and arrow-jump keys for an interactive encyclopedia
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
CHI '86 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interfaces for advanced computing
Scientific American
A review of human performance and preferences with different input devices to computer systems
Proceedings of the Fourth Conference of the British Computer Society on People and computers IV
Bat brushes: on the uses of six position and orientation parameters in a paint program
CHI '89 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Prediction of head movement time using Fitts' Law
Human Factors
How does Fitts' law fit pointing and dragging?
CHI '90 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A method for evaluating head-controlled computer input devices using Fitts law
Human Factors - Assisting people with functional impairments
A comparison of input devices in element pointing and dragging tasks
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An evaluation of an eye tracker as a device for computer input2
CHI '87 Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface
A hand gesture interface device
CHI '87 Proceedings of the SIGCHI/GI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface
Effects of cursor speed on text-editing
CHI '85 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The keystroke-level model for user performance time with interactive systems
Communications of the ACM
A study in interactive 3-D rotation using 2-D control devices
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
Tablet-based valuators that provide one, two, or three degrees of freedom
SIGGRAPH '81 Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
A morphological analysis of the design space of input devices
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) - Special issue on computer—human interaction
Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The “prince” technique: Fitts' law and selection using area cursors
CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Multistream input: an experimental study of document scrolling methods
IBM Systems Journal
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
An Evaluation of Two Input Devices for Remote Pointing
EHCI '01 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP International Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction
Reasoning about Interactive Systems with Stochastic Models
DSV-IS '01 Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Interactive Systems: Design, Specification, and Verification-Revised Papers
A powerful pseudo-syllabic text entry paradigm
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
User performance with trackball-mice
Interacting with Computers
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Text Entry Systems: Mobility, Accessibility, Universality
Simple pen interaction performance of young and older adults using handheld computers
Interacting with Computers
Computers in Human Behavior
Usability of optically simulated haptic feedback
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Wrist rotation for interaction in mobile contexts
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
GrooveWrite: A Multi-purpose Stylus-Based Text Entry Method
ICCHP '08 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs
A Fitts Law comparison of eye tracking and manual input in the selection of visual targets
ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
The performance of hand postures in front- and back-of-device interaction for mobile computing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Comparing content and input redirection in MDEs
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
PointAssist: helping four year olds point with ease
IDC '08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Interaction design and children
Au-delà de l'utilisabilité: l'autotélie
Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
Motion-pointing: target selection using elliptical motions
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DynaSpot: speed-dependent area cursor
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Path selection: a novel interaction technique for mapping applications
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Exploring Methods to Improve Pen-Based Menu Selection for Younger and Older Adults
ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
The single-finger keyboard layout problem
Computers and Operations Research
Software operation time evaluation based on MTM
Advances in Engineering Software
Loi de fitts: prédiction du temps de pointage sous forme d'ensembles flous
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
UniGlyph: une méthode universelle pour la saisie de texte sur dispositifs mobiles
IHM '07 Proceedings of the 19th International Conference of the Association Francophone d'Interaction Homme-Machine
ISO 9241-9 evaluation of video game controllers
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009
Computational modeling approaches help guide early design efforts for usability
The Fifth Richard Tapia Celebration of Diversity in Computing Conference: Intellect, Initiatives, Insight, and Innovations
The tradeoff between spatial jitter and latency in pointing tasks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systems
A study of the performance of steering tasks under spatial transformation of input
Proceedings of the 46th Annual Southeast Regional Conference on XX
BigKey: A Virtual Keyboard for Mobile Devices
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part III: Ubiquitous and Intelligent Interaction
Evaluation of Pointing Efficiency on Small Screen Touch User Interfaces
Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Interface 2009 on Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Interaction. Part II: Held as part of HCI International 2009
Investigation on Relation between Index of Difficulty in Fitts' Law and Device Screen Sizes
Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Interface 2009 on Human Interface and the Management of Information. Information and Interaction. Part II: Held as part of HCI International 2009
Head tilting for interaction in mobile contexts
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
Resilience of Interaction Techniques to Interrupts: A Formal Model-Based Approach
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
3DKey: An Accordion-Folding Based Virtual Keyboard for Small Screen
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
Acquisition of Animated and Pop-Up Targets
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part II
A Model for Steering with Haptic-Force Guidance
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part II
Speeding pointing in tiled widgets: understanding the effects of target expansion and misprediction
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Improving the human-robot interface through adaptive multispace transformation
IEEE Transactions on Robotics
Eye and pointer coordination in search and selection tasks
Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications
Foundations for designing and evaluating user interfaces based on the crossing paradigm
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Bias towards regular configuration in 2D pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Modeling dwell-based eye pointing target acquisition
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
LensMouse: augmenting the mouse with an interactive touch display
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Analysis of pointing tasks on a white board
DSVIS'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Interactive systems: Design, specification, and verification
Finger instead of mouse: touch screens as a means of enhancing universal access
ERCIM'02 Proceedings of the User interfaces for all 7th international conference on Universal access: theoretical perspectives, practice, and experience
User specific design of interfaces and interaction techniques: what do older computer users need?
UAHCI'07 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Universal access in human computer interaction: coping with diversity
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Human interface: Part I
Evaluating eye tracking with ISO 9241 - part 9
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: intelligent multimodal interaction environments
Human performance model for combined steering-targeting tasks
EPCE'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics
A human motor behavior model for distal pointing tasks
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Supporting menu design with radial layouts
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
Performance optimizations of virtual keyboards for stroke-based text entry on a touch-based tabletop
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
UIMarks: quick graphical interaction with specific targets
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries
Bridging gaps with pointer warping in multi-display environments
Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries
Object displays for identifying multidimensional outliers within a crowded visual periphery
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
User experience to improve the usability of a vision-based interface
Interacting with Computers
Evaluation of SpreadKey system with motor impaired users
ICCHP'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computers helping people with special needs
Exploring usability effects of increasing security in click-based graphical passwords
Proceedings of the 26th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference
Gameplay evaluation of the trackball controller
Futureplay '10 Proceedings of the International Academic Conference on the Future of Game Design and Technology
The trackball controller: improving the analog stick
Futureplay '10 Proceedings of the International Academic Conference on the Future of Game Design and Technology
Revisiting path steering for 3D manipulation tasks
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Pop-up depth views for improving 3D target acquisition
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2011
Effects of view, input device, and track width on video game driving
Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2011
Effects of motor scale, visual scale, and quantization on small target acquisition difficulty
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Evaluation of motion-based interaction for mobile devices: A case study on image browsing
Interacting with Computers
Empirical studies of pen tilting performance in pen-based user interfaces
Proceedings of the 2011 Visual Information Communication - International Symposium
Energy efficient E-textile based portable keyboard
Proceedings of the 17th IEEE/ACM international symposium on Low-power electronics and design
An information theoretic mouse trajectory measure
UAHCI'11 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Universal access in human-computer interaction: users diversity - Volume Part II
Bridging digital and physical worlds using tangible drag-and-drop interfaces
Transactions on computational science XII
Speed-accuracy trade-off in dwell-based eye pointing tasks at different cognitive levels
Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on pervasive eye tracking & mobile eye-based interaction
Examining users' preferences towards vertical graphical toolbars in simple search and point tasks
Computers in Human Behavior
On the limits of the human motor control precision: the search for a device's human resolution
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part II
The entropy of a rapid aimed movement: Fitts' index of difficulty versus Shannon's entropy
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part IV
It does not Fitts my data! analysing large amounts of mobile touch data
INTERACT'11 Proceedings of the 13th IFIP TC 13 international conference on Human-computer interaction - Volume Part IV
Calibration games: making calibration tasks enjoyable by adding motivating game elements
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
FlowMouse: a computer vision-based pointing and gesture input device
INTERACT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 IFIP TC13 international conference on Human-Computer Interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Modeling prehension for physical collaboration in virtual environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Rewarding the original: explorations in joint user-sensor motion spaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Accurate measurements of pointing performance from in situ observations
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Extending Fitts' law to account for the effects of movement direction on 2d pointing
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Modeling dwell-based eye pointing at two-dimensional targets
CHI '12 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GravNav: using a gravity model for multi-scale navigation
Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces
ExerLink: enabling pervasive social exergames with heterogeneous exercise devices
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
MobileHCI '12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Revisiting peephole pointing: a study of target acquisition with a handheld projector
MobileHCI '12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
A new test of throughput invariance in Fitts' law: role of the intercept and of Jensen's inequality
BCS-HCI '12 Proceedings of the 26th Annual BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference on People and Computers
Natural, intuitive finger based input as substitution for traditional vehicle control
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications
Two-Part Models Capture the Impact of Gain on Pointing Performance
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Measuring the linear and rotational user precision in touch pointing
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
An experimental comparison of touch interaction on vertical and horizontal surfaces
Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Making Sense Through Design
interactions
Examining the costs of multiple trajectory pointing techniques
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Analysis and comparison of target assistance techniques for relative ray-cast pointing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
PointAssist: assisting individuals with motor impairments
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Information capacity of full-body movements
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
FFitts law: modeling finger touch with fitts' law
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The effect of time-based cost of error in target-directed pointing tasks
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Pointing at 3d target projections with one-eyed and stereo cursors
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Novel metrics for 3D remote pointing
Proceedings of the 1st symposium on Spatial user interaction
Exploring pinch and spread gestures on mobile devices
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Design and evaluation of 3D selection techniques based on progressive refinement
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Activity or product?: drawing and HCI
Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia, Interaction, Design and Innovation
Multi-touch pinch gestures: performance and ergonomics
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
Text entry by gazing and smiling
Advances in Human-Computer Interaction
How to choose element sizes for novel interactive systems
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international conference on Interactive tabletops and surfaces
Setting that mouse for tracking tasks
DHM'13 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics, and Risk Management: human body modeling and ergonomics - Volume Part II
An application of the ballistic movement method for evaluating computer mice
HCI'13 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-Computer Interaction: users and contexts of use - Volume Part III
Design and evaluation of a predictive model for smartphone selection
DUXU'13 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Design, User Experience, and Usability: web, mobile, and product design - Volume Part IV
Comparison of gestural, touch, and mouse interaction with Fitts' law
Proceedings of the 25th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference: Augmentation, Application, Innovation, Collaboration
Disambiguation of imprecise input with one-dimensional rotational text entry
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Using kernels for a video-based mouse-replacement interface
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Design and Implementation of a Reconfigurable Mobile Game Controller on Smartphone
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
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According to Fitts' law, human movement can be modeled by analogy to the transmission of information. Fitts' popular model has been widely adopted in numerous research areas, including kinematics, human factors, and (recently) human-computer interaction (HCI). The present study provides a historical and theoretical context for the model, including an analysis of problems that have emerged through the systematic deviation of observations from predictions. Refinements to the model are described, including a formulation for the index of task difficulty that is claimed to be more theoretically sound than Fitts' original formulation. The model's utility in predicting the time to position a cursor and select a target is explored through a review of six Fitts' law studies employing devices such as the mouse, trackball, joystick, touchpad, helmet-mounted sight, and eye tracker. An analysis of the performance measures reveals tremendous inconsistencies, making across-study comparisons difficult. Sources of experimental variation are identified to reconcile these differences.